Studied by 24 people
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linguistic determinism
whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
framing
how an issue is presented
critical period
a time during which a particular skill is most easily developed
sensory memory
immediate, very brief recording of sensory information
Wertheimer
Gestalt Psychology
Titchner
structuralism
James
Functionalism
Watson
Behaviorism; Little Albert Study
Freud
Psychoanalytic; dream analysis; free association; structure of personality; stages of development; defense mechanisms
Milgram
obedience; ethics
Broca
left frontal lobe; associated with expressive language - damage to Broca’s area = no talk
Wernicke
left frontal lobe; associated with receptive language - damage to Wernicke’s area = no understand
Pavlov
classical conditioning; dogs experiment (salivate at bell)
Thorndike
instrumental learning: cats; law of effect
Skinner
Operant conditioning: rats and pigeons; behaviorist
Tolman
latent learning; cognitive maps
Bandura
observational learning: bobo dolls, social cognitive theory
Ebbinghaus
Forgetting: Decay Model
Chomsky
(native theorist) inherent existence of sets of cognitive structures
Whorf
linguistic relativity Hypothesis
Whashoe, Sarra, Koko
apes from language studies
Jung
Collective unconscious; archetypes; psychoanalytic
Horney
basic childhood anxiety, psychoanalytic
Erickson
life crisis; psycho-social development; psychoanalytic
Adler
Inferiority Complex; psychoanalytic
Piaget
Stages of Cognitive Development; cognitive theorist
Rogers
client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional analysis
Ellis
rational emotive therapy; cognitive theorist
Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs; humanistic
Binet
IQ
Eyesenck
Biological model of personality; trait type hierarchy
Harlow
monkey studies (cloth mom); attachment
Lorenz
survival of the fittest theory and imprinting
Phineas Gage
railroad spike; damaged (limbic system), emotions/motivational control center
Beck
Cognitive therapy treating depression
Murray
need to achieve; TAT
Allport
trait approach-cardinal, central, secondary
Cattell
crystallized fluid intelligence
Kelley
personal construct theory
Mishel
social learning theory
Gilligan
examined moral differences between boys and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring and responsibility (turtle and har scenario)
behaviorism
learning; environmental; nurture
biological
physiology; genetics; nature
cognitive
mental processes
pyschoanalytic
unconscious conflicts
humanistic
free will; self-direction; basis goodness of people
Gestalt
emphasizes the organization process in behavior. focuses on problem of perception
biomedical
traceable to physical abnormalities, biochemistry, structural defects
cultural
variables such as social class, gender, and rural-urban contexts contribute to the development of psychological disorders
Weber’s Law
just noticeable difference
Young-Helmholtz Color Theory
(trichromatic theory) color determined by the relative activity in red, blue, or green sensitive cones
Opponent-Process Color Theory
color information is organized into 3 antagonistic pairs
Place Theory
relates perceived pitch to region
Frequency Theory
related pitch to the frequency of sound waves and frequency of neuron firing
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
sensations from the face provide cues to the brain that help us determine what emotion we are feeling (Ekman)
Statistical Significance
0.05 chance accounts for results less than 5% of the time
Template Matching Theory
stored copies
Prototype Matching Theory
recognition involves comparison
Feature Analysis Theory
patterns are represented and recognized by distinctive features
Restorative Theory
we need sleep in order to replenish
Adaptive Nonresponding Theory
sleep and inactivity have survived value
Activation Synthesis hypothesis
dreams are products of spontaneous neural activity
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
reward and punishment encourages and discourages responding
Premack Principle
states that any high probability behavior can be used as a reward for any lower probability behavior
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
theories of development, nature v nurture
Serial Position phenomenon
sequence influences recall
primacy effect
enhanced memory for items presented earlier
recency effect
enhanced memory for items presented last
Decay Theory
forgetting caused by learning similar materials
proactive
initially
retroactive
previously
linguistics relativity hypothesis
person’s language determines and limits a person’s experiences
Hull’s drive-reduction model
motivation arises out of need
Cognitive consistency theory
cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism
Festinger’s Cognitive dissonance theory
reconcile cognitive discrepancies
Arousal Theories
we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we try to maintain
Yerkes-Dodson law
arousal will increase performances up to a point, then further increases will impair performance; inverted U function
Incentive theory
behavior is pulled rather than pushed
James Lange theory
emotion is caused by bodily changes
Cannon-Bard’s Thalamic theory
emotional expression caused by simultaneous changing bodily event thoughts and feelings
Schachter's Cognitive-Physiological Theory
bodily changes, current stimuli, events, and memories combine to determine behavior
Attribution theory
explains how people make inferences about the causes of behavior; personal or situational; self-serving bias
Deindividuation
loss of self-restraint that occurs out of anonymity
Contact theory
proposes that equal-status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and bring harmony
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome- (GAS)
emergency reaction to stressful situations Alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion
Lazaru's Cognitive-Psychological Model
emphasizes the process of appraisal (primary and
secondary) as the primary determinant of stress
Twin Studies
allows a researcher to test influence of heredity v. environment
Personal Construct Theory
unique system of reality
Deinstitutionalization
occurred because of changes in political policy and development of new drug therapies
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
looked at attachment in young children to their parents
Zimbardo’s Prison Study
effect of roles
Hawthorne Effect
people change their behavior when they think that they’re being observed
Dailey and Latane’s Bystander effect
diffusion of responsibility
Milgram’s Obedience Study
shocking the confederate; 65% delivered full range
Festinger
cognitive dissonance
conformity
occurs when individuals adopt the attitudes or behavior of others because of real or imagined pressure
Social Norms
shared standards of behavior
reciprocity norm
people tend to treat others as they have been treated
Compliance
to get along with a request made of you from a person who does not have authority over you
foot in the door technique
if a small request is made first a larger request will be easier to fill later
Note 
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