psych cram note

linguistic determinism

whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

framing

how an issue is presented

critical period

a time during which a particular skill is most easily developed

sensory memory

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information

Wertheimer

Gestalt Psychology

Titchner

structuralism

James

Functionalism

Watson

Behaviorism; Little Albert Study

Freud

Psychoanalytic; dream analysis; free association; structure of personality; stages of development; defense mechanisms

Milgram

obedience; ethics

Broca

left frontal lobe; associated with expressive language - damage to Broca’s area = no talk

Wernicke

left frontal lobe; associated with receptive language - damage to Wernicke’s area = no understand

Pavlov

classical conditioning; dogs experiment (salivate at bell)

Thorndike

instrumental learning: cats; law of effect

Skinner

Operant conditioning: rats and pigeons; behaviorist

Tolman

latent learning; cognitive maps

Bandura

observational learning: bobo dolls, social cognitive theory

Ebbinghaus

Forgetting: Decay Model

Chomsky

(native theorist) inherent existence of sets of cognitive structures

Whorf

linguistic relativity Hypothesis

Whashoe, Sarra, Koko

apes from language studies

Jung

Collective unconscious; archetypes; psychoanalytic

Horney

basic childhood anxiety, psychoanalytic

Erickson

life crisis; psycho-social development; psychoanalytic

Adler

Inferiority Complex; psychoanalytic

Piaget

Stages of Cognitive Development; cognitive theorist

Rogers

client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional analysis

Ellis

rational emotive therapy; cognitive theorist

Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs; humanistic

Binet

IQ

Eyesenck

Biological model of personality; trait type hierarchy

Harlow

monkey studies (cloth mom); attachment

Lorenz

survival of the fittest theory and imprinting

Phineas Gage

railroad spike; damaged (limbic system), emotions/motivational control center

Beck

Cognitive therapy treating depression

Murray

need to achieve; TAT

Allport

trait approach-cardinal, central, secondary

Cattell

crystallized fluid intelligence

Kelley

personal construct theory

Mishel

social learning theory

Gilligan

examined moral differences between boys and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring and responsibility (turtle and har scenario)

behaviorism

learning; environmental; nurture

biological

physiology; genetics; nature

cognitive

mental processes

pyschoanalytic

unconscious conflicts

humanistic

free will; self-direction; basis goodness of people

Gestalt

emphasizes the organization process in behavior. focuses on problem of perception

biomedical

traceable to physical abnormalities, biochemistry, structural defects

cultural

variables such as social class, gender, and rural-urban contexts contribute to the development of psychological disorders

Weber’s Law

just noticeable difference

Young-Helmholtz Color Theory

(trichromatic theory) color determined by the relative activity in red, blue, or green sensitive cones

Opponent-Process Color Theory

color information is organized into 3 antagonistic pairs

Place Theory

relates perceived pitch to region

Frequency Theory

related pitch to the frequency of sound waves and frequency of neuron firing

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

sensations from the face provide cues to the brain that help us determine what emotion we are feeling (Ekman)

Statistical Significance

0\.05 chance accounts for results less than 5% of the time

Template Matching Theory

stored copies

Prototype Matching Theory

recognition involves comparison

Feature Analysis Theory

patterns are represented and recognized by distinctive features

Restorative Theory

we need sleep in order to replenish

Adaptive Nonresponding Theory

sleep and inactivity have survived value

Activation Synthesis hypothesis

dreams are products of spontaneous neural activity

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

reward and punishment encourages and discourages responding

Premack Principle

states that any high probability behavior can be used as a reward for any lower probability behavior

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

theories of development, nature v nurture

Serial Position phenomenon

sequence influences recall

primacy effect

enhanced memory for items presented earlier

recency effect

enhanced memory for items presented last

Decay Theory

forgetting caused by learning similar materials

proactive

initially

retroactive

previously

linguistics relativity hypothesis

person’s language determines and limits a person’s experiences

Hull’s drive-reduction model

motivation arises out of need

Cognitive consistency theory

cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism

Festinger’s Cognitive dissonance theory

reconcile cognitive discrepancies

Arousal Theories

we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we try to maintain

Yerkes-Dodson law

arousal will increase performances up to a point, then further increases will impair performance; inverted U function

Incentive theory

behavior is pulled rather than pushed

James Lange theory

emotion is caused by bodily changes

Cannon-Bard’s Thalamic theory

emotional expression caused by simultaneous changing bodily event thoughts and feelings

Schachter's Cognitive-Physiological Theory

bodily changes, current stimuli, events, and memories combine to determine behavior

Attribution theory

explains how people make inferences about the causes of behavior; personal or situational; self-serving bias

Deindividuation

loss of self-restraint that occurs out of anonymity

Contact theory

proposes that equal-status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and bring harmony

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome- (GAS)

emergency reaction to stressful situations Alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion

Lazaru's Cognitive-Psychological Model

emphasizes the process of appraisal (primary and

secondary) as the primary determinant of stress

Twin Studies

allows a researcher to test influence of heredity v. environment

Personal Construct Theory

unique system of reality

Deinstitutionalization

occurred because of changes in political policy and development of new drug therapies

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

looked at attachment in young children to their parents

Zimbardo’s Prison Study

effect of roles

Hawthorne Effect

people change their behavior when they think that they’re being observed

Dailey and Latane’s Bystander effect

diffusion of responsibility

Milgram’s Obedience Study

shocking the confederate; 65% delivered full range

Festinger

cognitive dissonance

conformity

occurs when individuals adopt the attitudes or behavior of others because of real or imagined pressure

Social Norms

shared standards of behavior

reciprocity norm

people tend to treat others as they have been treated

Compliance

to get along with a request made of you from a person who does not have authority over you

foot in the door technique

if a small request is made first a larger request will be easier to fill later