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10th amendment
powers reserved to states and people
12th amendment
election of president and vice president
13th amendment
abolition of slavery
14th amendment
citizenship and civil rights
15th amendment
African Americans can vote
16th amendment
income taxes
17th amendment
popular election of Senators
19th amendment
women can vote
1st amendment
freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition
20th amendment
presidential and congressional terms
22nd amendment
limiting presidential terms
23rd amendment
Washington DC counted as a vote
24th amendment
poll taxes
25th amendment
Presidential succession and disability
26th amendment
18 year olds can vote
2nd amendment
right to bear arms
4th amendment
no search without a warrants
5th amendment
rights of the accused, property rights, right to remain silent
6th amendment
additional rights of accused
9th amendment
rights not listed
Article V/Amendment Process
Constitution can be altered
proposal from 2/3 of the House/Senate or 2/3 vote at convention initiated by states and Congress
ratification complete by ¾ state legislature
Articles of Confederation
nation’s first constitution; document that laid out the first form of government for new nation
Bill of Rights
designed specifically to guarantee liberties and rights
first 10 amendments
block grants
refers to federal money given to states for broadly defined reasons
Brutus 1
written to dissuade readers from supporting new Constitution
very Anti-Federalist
categorical grants
grants with particular congressional guidelines or requirements
checks and balances
keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful
Commerce Clause
empowers Congress to “regulate commerce with other nations, and among several other states”
confederation
alliance under one governing authority
cooperative federalism
shared powers, shared costs, blurs line
allows federal gov’t more control and power
Declaration of Independence
breaking away from British control and claiming sovereignty
devolution
Ronald Reagan’s philosophy of New Federalism is characterized by the return of the power to the states
direct/participatory democracy
emphasizes broad involvement of citizens in politics
dual federalism
national government is supreme in it’s sphere - all states are equally supreme in their own sphere
elite democracy
elected representatives make decisions and act as trustees for the people who elected them
enumerated powers
allow for creation of public policy- laws that govern USA
extradition
return of criminal fugitives and runaway slaves back to states they had fled
faction
interest group to dominate political decisions
federalism
sharing of powers between the national gov’t and state gov’ts
Federalist 10
“mischiefs of factions” or interest groups in gov’t, whether a majority or a minority
Federalist 51
points to separation of powers outlined in the Constitution as a guard against tyranny
fiscal federalism
financial relations between units of governments in a federal system. Encompasses division of gov’t functions and financial relations among levels of gov’t
full faith and credit clause
requires states to be open about their laws and encourages states to respect one another’s laws
judicial review
examine acts of legislatures to see if they comport with the proposed constitution
limited government
one kept under control by law, checks and balances, and separation of powers
mandates
with strings attached, states receive federal money in exchange for following guidelines
Necessary and Proper Clause
“Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers”
nullification
state has right to invalidate any federal laws that they deem unconstitutional
popular sovereignty
people as the ultimate ruling authority- and a government of officials to carry out the laws
pluralist democracy
people with widely varying interests find others who share their interests and organize and unite into nongovernmental groups to exert influence on political decision making
Privileges and Immunities Clause
declares “citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states”
ratification
formal consent
representative/indirect democracy
government in which the people entrust elected officials to represent their concerns
republicanism
“life, liberty, and property” these cannot be taken away except under laws created through the consent of the governed
separation of powers
fundamental principle in the US Constitution that divides the powers of gov’t into 3 branches
social contract
dramatically lays out a key human problem
“Man was born free and he is everywhere in chains”
Supremacy Clause
places national laws, treaties, and presidential action above the state authority
unitary system
power is centralized in one central government
example is Great Britain
US Constitution
fundamental law of US federal system of government
US v. Lopez
court doesn’t always allow Congress to legislate under the guide of regulating commerce
Lopez carried gun into school
11th amendment
limits judicial power in courts
18th amendment
alcohol prohibition
21st amendment
stop to prohibition
27th amendment
limits Congress pay
3/5 compromise
count only three of every 5 enslaved persons to determine representation in the House for those states with slaves
3rd amendment
no quartering troops in house
7th amendment
civil court
8th amendment
no cruel or unusual punishment or excessive bail
amendment
an official change to US Constitution
Americans with Disabilities Act
required public sector buildings and transportation systems to be accessible for disabled individuals
Anti-Federalist
opposed strong national government and favored states’ rights and civil liberties
Federalist
won ratification of Constitution and supported strong national government
bicameral
two house legislatures
one elected by ppl and other by members of gov’tset
Clean Air Act
set requirements and timetables for dealing with urban smog, acid rain, and toxic pollutants
grants-in-aid
federal grants given to states or local governments to help pay for everyday expenses
Great Compromise
two house Congress of House of Representatives and Senate Or
House of Representatives
originates revenue bills
initiates impeachment
more representative of people
impeachment
when federal judges act criminally or unethically can be removed from office
initiative, referendum, recall
natural rights
allows citizens to contest the work of the legislature
New Jersey Plan
assured states their sovereignty through a national government with limited and defined powers
one vote in legislative body
No Child Left Behind
improvements in teaching methods, testing to measure progress, and sanctions for underperforming schools
preamble
ensures ideals of a government by the people
defines structure of delegated power from people to Congress
Revenue Sharing
Congress collects federal tax revenues and distributes these funds to the states to take care of particular national concerns
Senate
provides “advice and consent” on treaties and presidential appointments
100 membersled to
Shay’s Rebellion
led to more military power and readiness
strict vs loose constructionist
strict- interprets Constitution as original
loose- interprets as a living documentresponse
USA Patriot Act
response to terrorist attacks on 9/11
more security and protection
Virginia Plan
made states supreme over national government
3 branch system and bicameral legislature
writ of Habeas Corpus
right to be formally charged after an arrest
