Unit 1 GOPO

10th amendment

powers reserved to states and people

12th amendment

election of president and vice president

13th amendment

abolition of slavery

14th amendment

citizenship and civil rights

15th amendment

African Americans can vote

16th amendment

income taxes

17th amendment

popular election of Senators

19th amendment

women can vote

1st amendment

freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

20th amendment

presidential and congressional terms

22nd amendment

limiting presidential terms

23rd amendment

Washington DC counted as a vote

24th amendment

poll taxes

25th amendment

Presidential succession and disability

26th amendment

18 year olds can vote

2nd amendment

right to bear arms

4th amendment

no search without a warrants

5th amendment

rights of the accused, property rights, right to remain silent

6th amendment

additional rights of accused

9th amendment

rights not listed

Article V/Amendment Process

Constitution can be altered

proposal from 2/3 of the House/Senate or 2/3 vote at convention initiated by states and Congress

ratification complete by ¾ state legislature

Articles of Confederation

nation’s first constitution; document that laid out the first form of government for new nation

Bill of Rights

designed specifically to guarantee liberties and rights

first 10 amendments

block grants

refers to federal money given to states for broadly defined reasons

Brutus 1

written to dissuade readers from supporting new Constitution

very Anti-Federalist

categorical grants

grants with particular congressional guidelines or requirements

checks and balances

keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful

Commerce Clause

empowers Congress to “regulate commerce with other nations, and among several other states”

confederation

alliance under one governing authority

cooperative federalism

shared powers, shared costs, blurs line

allows federal gov’t more control and power

Declaration of Independence

breaking away from British control and claiming sovereignty

devolution

Ronald Reagan’s philosophy of New Federalism is characterized by the return of the power to the states

direct/participatory democracy

emphasizes broad involvement of citizens in politics

dual federalism

national government is supreme in it’s sphere - all states are equally supreme in their own sphere

elite democracy

elected representatives make decisions and act as trustees for the people who elected them

enumerated powers

allow for creation of public policy- laws that govern USA

extradition

return of criminal fugitives and runaway slaves back to states they had fled

faction

interest group to dominate political decisions

federalism

sharing of powers between the national gov’t and state gov’ts

Federalist 10

“mischiefs of factions” or interest groups in gov’t, whether a majority or a minority

Federalist 51

points to separation of powers outlined in the Constitution as a guard against tyranny

fiscal federalism

financial relations between units of governments in a federal system. Encompasses division of gov’t functions and financial relations among levels of gov’t

full faith and credit clause

requires states to be open about their laws and encourages states to respect one another’s laws

judicial review

examine acts of legislatures to see if they comport with the proposed constitution

limited government

one kept under control by law, checks and balances, and separation of powers

mandates

with strings attached, states receive federal money in exchange for following guidelines

Necessary and Proper Clause

“Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers”

nullification

state has right to invalidate any federal laws that they deem unconstitutional

popular sovereignty

people as the ultimate ruling authority- and a government of officials to carry out the laws

pluralist democracy

people with widely varying interests find others who share their interests and organize and unite into nongovernmental groups to exert influence on political decision making

Privileges and Immunities Clause

declares “citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states”

ratification

formal consent

representative/indirect democracy

government in which the people entrust elected officials to represent their concerns

republicanism

“life, liberty, and property” these cannot be taken away except under laws created through the consent of the governed

separation of powers

fundamental principle in the US Constitution that divides the powers of gov’t into 3 branches

social contract

dramatically lays out a key human problem

“Man was born free and he is everywhere in chains”

Supremacy Clause

places national laws, treaties, and presidential action above the state authority

unitary system

power is centralized in one central government

example is Great Britain

US Constitution

fundamental law of US federal system of government

US v. Lopez

court doesn’t always allow Congress to legislate under the guide of regulating commerce

Lopez carried gun into school

11th amendment

limits judicial power in courts

18th amendment

alcohol prohibition

21st amendment

stop to prohibition

27th amendment

limits Congress pay

3/5 compromise

count only three of every 5 enslaved persons to determine representation in the House for those states with slaves

3rd amendment

no quartering troops in house

7th amendment

civil court

8th amendment

no cruel or unusual punishment or excessive bail

amendment

an official change to US Constitution

Americans with Disabilities Act

required public sector buildings and transportation systems to be accessible for disabled individuals

Anti-Federalist

opposed strong national government and favored states’ rights and civil liberties

Federalist

won ratification of Constitution and supported strong national government

bicameral

two house legislatures

one elected by ppl and other by members of gov’tset

Clean Air Act

set requirements and timetables for dealing with urban smog, acid rain, and toxic pollutants

grants-in-aid

federal grants given to states or local governments to help pay for everyday expenses

Great Compromise

two house Congress of House of Representatives and Senate Or

House of Representatives

originates revenue bills

initiates impeachment

more representative of people

impeachment

when federal judges act criminally or unethically can be removed from office

initiative, referendum, recall
natural rights

allows citizens to contest the work of the legislature

New Jersey Plan

assured states their sovereignty through a national government with limited and defined powers

one vote in legislative body

No Child Left Behind

improvements in teaching methods, testing to measure progress, and sanctions for underperforming schools

preamble

ensures ideals of a government by the people

defines structure of delegated power from people to Congress

Revenue Sharing

Congress collects federal tax revenues and distributes these funds to the states to take care of particular national concerns

Senate

provides “advice and consent” on treaties and presidential appointments

100 membersled to

Shay’s Rebellion

led to more military power and readiness

strict vs loose constructionist

strict- interprets Constitution as original

loose- interprets as a living documentresponse

USA Patriot Act

response to terrorist attacks on 9/11

more security and protection

Virginia Plan

made states supreme over national government

3 branch system and bicameral legislature

writ of Habeas Corpus

right to be formally charged after an arrest