HBS Unit 1

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

venteral

front of the body of a animal on 4 limbs

dorsal

back of the body of a animal on 4 libs

inferior

away from the head, lower

superior

toward the head, upeer

medial

towards of the midline of the body

lateral

away from the middle of the body

distal

lower to something on the arms or legs, ex: hand is distal to shoulder

proximal

higher to something on the arms or legs, ex shoulder is proximal to the hand

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

further away from body surface

Abdominal

Relating to the region of the body between the diaphragm and the pelvis, containing the stomach, intestines, and other digestive organs.

Antecubital

The area located in front of the elbow, also known as the "cubital fossa."

Axillary

Pertaining to the armpit or the region beneath the shoulder joint.

Brachial

Relating to the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow.

Buccal

Referring to the cheek or the mouth cavity, particularly the inner surface of the cheek.

Calcaneal

Relating to the heel bone (calcaneus) of the foot.

Carpal

ertaining to the wrist, specifically the eight bones that make up the wrist joint.

Cephalic

Referring to the head or the superior portion of the body.

Cervical

Referring to the neck or the cervical spine, which consists of the first seven vertebrae of the spine.

Coxal

Pertaining to the hip or hip bone (coxal bone).

Digital

Relating to the fingers or toes.

Femoral

Referring to the thigh, specifically the region between the hip and the knee.

Gluteal

Relating to the buttocks or the gluteus muscles.

Inguinal

Referring to the groin area, where the thigh meets the abdomen.

Lumbar

Pertaining to the lower back, specifically the region of the spine between the rib cage and the pelvis.

Nasal

Relating to the nose or the nasal cavity.

Occipital

Pertaining to the back of the head or the occipital bone.

Olecranal

Referring to the elbow, specifically the bony prominence at the back of the elbow.

Oral

Relating to the mouth.

Orbital

Referring to the eye socket or the region around the eyes.

Patellar

Pertaining to the knee, specifically the kneecap.

Pelvic

Relating to the pelvis, the lower part of the trunk, including the hips and reproductive organs.

Popliteal

Referring to the area behind the knee.

Sacral

Pertaining to the sacrum, the triangular bone at the base of the spine, between the hip bones.

Scapular

Referring to the shoulder blade or the region around it.

Sternal

The long flat bone that forms the center front of the chest wall. The sternum is attached to the collarbone and the first seven ribs. Also called breastbone.

Tarsal

Pertaining to the ankle or the group of bones in the foot that form the ankle joint.

Thoracic

The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen

Umbilical

Relating to the navel or belly button, the central part of the abdomen.

Vertebral

the bones of the spine or backbone

 Transverse (Axial) Plane

Divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions.

Median Plane

Divides the body vertically into equal left and right portions.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body vertically into unequal right and left portions.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior portions.

Cranial Cavity

The space within the skull that houses and protects the brain

Dorsal Body Cavity

The body cavity that consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities, housing the brain and spinal cord.

Pelvic Cavity

The space enclosed by the pelvic bones, containing the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Ventral Body Cavity

The front part of the body cavity, divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, containing organs like the lungs, heart, digestive organs, and reproductive structures.

Thoracic Cavity

The chest cavity, which houses the lungs, heart, and other structures within the ribcage.

Vertebral Cavity

The cavity formed by the vertebrae that surrounds and protects the spinal cord.

Abdominal Cavity

The space within the abdomen that contains digestive organs like the stomach, intestines, liver, and spleen.

Abdomino-pelvic Cavity

The combined cavity consisting of both the abdominal and pelvic cavities, which contains most of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.

Carpals

small irregular bones that make up the wrist joint

Clavicle

s-shaped bone that connects sternum(breastbone) to scapula(shoulder blade)

Femur

upper leg bone, thigh bone

Fibula

long slender bone lateral to the lower leg

Frontal Bone

large, single, u-shaped bone that forms the forehead, anterior part of skulls vault

Humerus

long bone in the upper arm that extends from shoulder to elbow

Mandible

lower jawbone

Maxilla

upper jawbone

Metacarpals

five long bones that form palm of the hand

Metatarsals

five long bones in the middle of the foot, located between the tarsal bones and phalanges

Occipital Bone

flat, trapezoid shaped bone located at the back and base of the skull

Parietal Bone

large,flat,quadrilateral bones that form the top and sides of the skull, protects brain

Patella

triangular shaped bone located at the front of the knee joint

Pelvic Girdle

ring shaped boney structure formed by two hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, connecting the spine to lower limbs, serves as strong foundation for the body

Phalanges

bones that make up the fingers and toes

Radius

lateral of the two long bones in the forearm running from elbow to the thumb

Rib Cage

bone, cage-like structure that has 12 pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sterum, encloses and protects vital organs like heart and lungs

Scapula

shoulder blades, triangular-shaped bone located in upper back

Sphenoid

detailed structure of the sphenoid bone, complex, butterfly-shaped bone located at te base of the skull

Sternum

anterior part of the rib cage, breastbone

Tarsals

irregular bones that make up the ankle

Temporal

at the side and base of the skull

Tibia

medial bone in the lower leg, shinbone

Ulna

medial bone in the forearm

Vertebral Column

segmented bony structure made of individual bones called vertebrae and discs that protect the spinal cord, provides structural support, and allows for movement

Zygomatic

paried bone that forms the prominent structure of the cheek

Connective Tissue

This tissue supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs, including bone, blood, adipose tissue, and cartilage.

Muscle Tissue

Specialized for contraction, muscle tissue enables movement and includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle types.

Nervous Tissue

Composed of neurons and glial cells, nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body, enabling communication between different parts.

Epithelial Tissue

This tissue forms protective layers covering body surfaces and lining internal cavities, playing roles in absorption, secretion, and filtration.

Flat Bones

Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have marrow but no marrow cavity. EX: Left parietal bone

Long Bones

Long bones consist of a shaft and two ends of a thick outside layer with a marrow-filled cavity. The ends of the bone contain spongy bone. EX: Right humerus

Short Bones

Short bones are roughly a cube shape with vertical and horizontal dimensions being approximately equal. They consist of mostly spongy bone. The outside surface is a thin layer of compact bone. EX: Right carpals                                      

Irregular Bones

Irregular bones consist of thin layers of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and do not fit any of the previous bone descriptions. EX: Thoracic vertebrae 

Spongy Bone

lightweight and porous, aiding in shock absorption and housing bone marrow for blood cell production.

Compact Bone

dense and solid, providing structural support and strength to the skeleton.

Ephiphysis

ends of the bones

Medular Cavity

The central cavity within long bones, which contains yellow bone marrow and is involved in the storage of fat.

Yellow Marrow

A type of bone marrow primarily made of fat cells, found in the medullary cavity of long bones, and serving as an energy reserve.

Periosternum

A dense layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones, playing a role in bone growth, repair, and nutrition.

Diaphysis Shaft

The long, tubular central portion of a long bone, made mostly of compact bone and housing the medullary cavity.

Metaphysis

where the bone grows