History Midterm Study Guide

Anaconda Plan

Northern effort to blockade the South and capture the Mississippi

Army of the Potomac

North’s main army in the Eastern theater 

Copperheads

peace Democrats who sympathized with the South and opposed Lincoln 

CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack)

 Southern ironclad that threatened to break the blockade 

USS Monitor

Northern ironclad which had a revolving gun turret

Peninsular Campaign

* early attempt by the North to capture Richmond, VA
* Union reached the outskirts of Richmond
* South was outnumbered  during the campaign
* North lost almost all of the major battles

Valley Campaign

small Confederate force diverted 2 Union armies

Army of Northern Virginia

South’s main army in the Eastern theater

Wilderness Campaign

series of battles in the woods north of Richmond

March to the Sea

name given to Sherman’s destruction of Georgia

William Tweed

corrupt nyc official who defrauded the city

Thomas Nast

* political cartoonist who advocated reforms


* made fun of William Tweed
* exposed government corruption

Horace Greeley

newspaper editor who ran for president in 1872

Samuel Tilden

reform minded lawyer who sought to end corruption in NYC

Rutherford B. Hayes

* won the most disputed presidential election in American history up to that time
* removed the last Federal troops from the South

Hiram Revels

first black person to serve in the U.S. congress 

Ulysses S. Grant

scandal ridden administration

Sitting Bull

political leader of the Sioux

Crazy Horse

military leader of the Sioux

George Armstrong Custer

lost his life at the battle of Little Bighorn

Chief Joseph

* called the Indian Napoleon
* said “I will fight no more, forever”

Maximilian I

puppet emperor of Mexico

Enrique Dupuy de Lome

wrote a letter in which he insulted president McKinley

George Dewey

defeated the Spanish Navy in the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino revolutionary

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor of the telephone

Andrew Carnegie

steel entrepreneur

James Buchanan Duke

tobacco entrepreneur

Thomas Alva Edison

America’s most prolific inventor

Samuel Gompers

labor union leader

J.P. Morgan

financer

John D. Rockefeller

oil refining entrepreneur

Cornelius Vanderbilt

shipping entrepreneur

Chester A. Arthur

reformed the Civil Service System

William Jennings Bryan

was called the “Great Commoner”

Grover Cleveland

first Democratic president since the Civil War

Roscoe Conkling

corrupt New York politician who controlled the Customs House

Eugene V. Debs

leader of the Socialist Party

James A. Garfield

reformer president who was assassinated

Benjamin Harrison

was for the Monopoly Reform

James J. Hill

built the Great Northern Railroad

William McKinley

won the first considered presidential campaign

Terrence V. Powderly

leader of the Knights of Labor

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

defined citizenship rights

15th Amendment

granted former slaves a right to vote

Black Codes

attempts to control the behavior of former slaves

Carpet Bagger

Northerners who came South to take advantage of Reconstruction

Freedman’s Bureau

established to deal with refugees, former slaves, and slaveholder’s lands

Andrew Johnson

opposed the radicals in Congress over Reconstruction

KKK

secret organization that tried to intimidate Northerners and former slaves

Radical Republicans

Northern politicians who tried to make the South suffer for the war

Reconstruction

period after the war when the North reorganized Southern governments

Redeemers

Southern leaders who took over state governments after Federal troops left

Scalawags

Southerners who cooperated with Radical Republicans

Tenure Office Act

led to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Alaska Purchase

called Seward’s Folly

Battle of Little Bighorn

200 soldiers vs. 2,000 Indians

Boxer Rebellion

anti-foreign movement in China

Central Pacific

built track from Sacramento, Eastward

Union Pacific

built track from Omaha, Westward

Promontory Point

where the first transcontinental railroad was completed

Century of Dishonor

written by Helen Hunt Jackson

Comstock Lode

one of the largest and richest silver mines in the West

Hawaii

taken as a pacific base

Indian Citizenship

was given to redress some of the wrongs done to the Indians

Open Door Policy

free trade in China

Open Ranges

grazing lands without fences

Pan-Americanism

sought greater cooperation and unity in the Western world

C.I. Scofield

founder of the Central American mission

A.B. Simpson

founder of the Christian and Missionary Alliance

Spanish American War

occurred when Spain refused to withdraw from Cuba

Treaty of Kanagawa

helped open Japan to commerce/trade

Treaty of Washington

settled questions between the U.S., Canada, and Britain

Wounded Knee Massacre

soldiers killed more than 150 Sioux