Bio 2 test 3

chapters 35, 54, 55, 56, 60 quizzes 6,7,8,10

Organisms that lay eggs are said to be

oviparous

the earliest-diverging tetrapods were

amphibians

what evolutionary trait do frogs and other amphibians lack (but reptiles have) that continues their association with water?

amniotic egg

what characteristic qualifies lizards as gnathstomes?

a hinged jaw

which of the following is not a distinguished characteristic of birds?

amniotic egg

your lab group is asked to identify the taxonomic group to which a particular aquatic animal belongs. you identify that characteristics- a bony skeleton, an operculum, and a swim bladder- and therefore classify the animal as a member of the

bony fishes

let's suppose that an injury causes a frog to lost its ability to perform buccal pumping. for this frog to survive, what must happen to compensate for this loss?

the exchange of gases through the skin must inscrease

One of the students in your study group is struggling with the idea that mammals and vertebrates are separate designations. To illustrate the two terms, you describe an animal that has the expected mammalian characteristics. What should you include in your description of this animal that would make it clear that the animal is specifically a mammal and not just a vertebrate?

hair

What support can be provided for the argument that hagfish are not fish?

they lack jaws

what was the most significant finding about limb development from the experiment of Davis and colleagues?

that as few as two mutations inherited simultaneously could effect the morphology of mouse limbs to a large degree

The equinoxes occur on

March 21 and September 22

Young lakes are often clear and with little plant life. Such lakes are called

oligotrophic

The largest biome type, by area occupied, is the

open ocean

which of the following characteristics are commonly used to identify the terrestrial biomes of the Earth?

all of the above

temperature

precipitation

vegitation

what is the driving force that determines the circulation of the atmospheric air?

temperature differences of the Earth

You have come across an old dataset in your research lab. The researcher recorded temperature, precipitation, and plant species over a time span of five years, but apparently forgot to record the location! Upon further examination, you find that the average temperature in the mystery location is 10°C, the average precipitation is 25cm, and plant matter is sparse, made up mostly of short, scrubby species. From what biome was the dataset most likely recorded?

cold desert

a scientist is studying several areas along an elevation gradient. Her study involves prescribed burns (purposefully set low-intensity fires) in the different areas, followed by a comparison of the type and abundance of organisms that colonized over the next 10 years. What scale best describes her study?

community ecology

you have been assigned to conduct a scientific study on the effects of four types of fertilizer on broccoli growth. You visit several broccoli farms to make observations and use these observations to find preliminary correlations and form hypotheses. To test your hypothesis, you set up five plots of broccoli- one plot of fertilizer type plus a control plot, which is not fertilized. When you meet with your professor to discuss your project, he tells you that your project is missing a component of the scientific method. What is missing?

replicating each fertilizer treatment in multiple pots

what factor would you expect to show the largest differences between lotic and intertidal biomes?

salinity

You discover a genus of lizards that contains two extinct species and five living species. The oldest fossils from the genus belong to the two extinct species and are known only from the Ethiopian biogeographical region. Two of the living species are found only in the Neotropical biogeographic region and the other three are found only in the Australian biogeographic region. Fossil records confirm that all living species are native to the areas they currently inhabit. What is the most reasonable conclusion about the evolution of these lizard species?

The Neotropical and Australian lineages share a common ancestor, who originated in the Ethiopian region

Certain behaviors seem to be influenced very little by environmental factors. Such behaviors are the same in all individuals of a species regardless of the environment and are referred to as _____ behaviors

any of the above

-genetically programmed

-instinctual

-innate

green sea turtles feed off the coast of brazil but swim eastward for 2300km to lay their eggs on Ascension Island, an 8km-wide island in the center of the Atlantic Ocean between Brazil and Africa. What might be the ultimate reason turtles return to the tiny island to lay their eggs?

Fewer predators exists there than other beaches

Patrick has decided to teach his puppy a few new tricks. Each time the puppy responds correctly to Patrick's command, the puppy is given a treat. This is an example of

operant conditioning

when an individual behaves in a way that reduces its own fitness but increases the fitness of others, it is exhibiting

altruism

in polygynous mating

one male mates with many different females

what is the proximate cause of male deer fighting over females?

because of changes in day length that stimulate this behavior

For group living to evolve, the benefits of living in a group must be greater than the costs. Which of the following is an example of a benefit of living in a group?

decreased risk of predation

in naked mole rates, which are diploid mammals, the coefficient of relatedness between mothers and daughters is

r= 0.5

in ants, which have a haplodiploid mating system, the coefficient of relatedness between fathers and sons is

r= 0

a species of wasp defends its territory in order to have exclusive access to nectar sources. the size of the territory is such that the average cost of defending its 85 Cal and the benefit of the nectar is 100 Cal. If you were to randomly cover half of the flowers in a wasp's territory with bags that prevented the wasp from accessing the nectar, what would happen?

the wasp would increase the size of its territory until it obtained more kilocalories from nectar than it spent in defense of the territory

The per capita growth rate of a population is best defined as

per capita birth rate - per capita death rate

_____ survivorship curves are usually associated with organisms that have high mortality rates in the early stages of life

Type 3

If ∑IxMx =0.5 for a population, what prediction can we make about the population?

The population is in decline

Under what condition(s) will a population grow?

r = 0.4

which statement is true for a metapopulation?

each habitat patch must be able to support a breeding population

Refer to table: How many individuals in this population die between their first and second birthday?

20

Refer to table: what proportion of newborns survive to age 2?

0.45

Refer to table: what is the net reproductive rate?

1.75

Refer to graph: which pattern occurs when a population exhibits a constant per capita growth rate

d (slope going up exponentially)

Refer to graph: which pattern is observed when a population is heading towards extinction

c (downward straight line slope)

The idea that humans have an innate attachment to other living things, originated by E. O. Wilson, is known as

biophilia

the acronym SLOSS stands for

single large or several small

biodiversity hotspots are areas rich in

endemic species

narrow strips of land that connect patches of natural habitat and allow organisms to move between those patches are called

movement corridors

the American buffalo, Bison bison, is considered

a flagship species

A nonprofit conservation organization receives a sizable donation and decides to purchase several thousand acres of "high desert" in southern California. This particular type of desert has an intermediate level of species diversity and few unique species. However, much of the original areas of high desert have been converted to suburban housing and shopping. The decision by the nonprofit to preserve this area was most likely based upon what conservation strategy?

conservation of representative habitats

In the northeastern Pacific ocean, sea otters occur at a relatively low abundance. By preying upon sea urchins, sea otters maintain underwater kelp (large algae) "forests", which would otherwise be decimated by the herbivorous sea urchins. The kelp forests supply food for a wide variety of marine organisms, as well as providing refuge from predation and nursery habitat for juveniles. Based on this, what type of species best describes sea otters?

keystone species

The wild Tasmanian devil population has decreased 70% since 1996 due to a contagious form of cancer known as Devil Facial Tumor Disease. Researchers have found several individuals that show partial resistance to the cancer. Attempts to breed these individuals and preserve their DNA in the population would fall under what level of biological diversity?

genetic diversity

as you walk back from class, you notice honeybees visiting some flowers. What ecosystem service are you witnessing?

pollination

On a field study in Costa Rica, you discover a new species of frog! After careful work to determine the size and range of the population, you conclude sadly that the species has very few individuals in an ever-shrinking limited range. The entire species could be wiped out at any time. When you write up your report on the frog, how should you describe its status?

threatened

Marsupial are distinguished by

a marsupium

Which fish were thought to be extinct, but were actually found in living populations

Coelacanth

Evolutionarily, the jaws of vertebrates developed from

the third pharyngeal arch of jawless fishes.

Which is an incorrect match of taxonomic category and common name?

theropods/crocodiles

Metamorphosis is

changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog

What is a defining characteristic of members of the Class Testudines?

They have a hard shell.

The nearest living relatives of crocodiles and alligators are

birds

Birds are different from all other living vertebrates because they

have feathers

Which are characteristics that distinguish mammals from other vertebrates?

hair

specialized teeth

enlarged skull

mammary glands

Eutherian mammals are uniquely defined by

longer gestation periods because of more highly developed placentas.

Reptiles are better adapted to life on land than are amphibians. Which external characteristic would a reptile have to lose to make it roughly externally equivalent to an amphibian in terms of ability to tolerate dry land?

Scales

You need to explain to your study group why the breathing ability of amniotes is different than that of amphibians. Your classmates argue that something like a terrestrial salamander is identical in its breathing mechanism to an amniote. To convince them of the critical breathing innovations of amniotes, you report that in order to breathe as an amniote does, the terrestrial salamander would have to

develop new muscular associations in the ribcage

As a new curator for a large public aquarium in your city, you are in charge of correctly identifying some of the animals presently in your care. You have two adult animals in tanks in front of you, and you know that one is a lamprey, and the other is a hagfish. Which feature would allow you to correctly identify each animal?

Lampreys are parasitic, while hagfish are not parasitic

How would an animal compensate for a nonfunctional lateral line?

Pressure waves in the water would have to be detected by other sensory structures

A frog loses its ability to undergo buccal pumping. What must happen to compensate for this loss?

The exchange of gases through the skin must increase

A distinguishing feature of the Squamata is their

kinetic skull

The hinged jaw seen in the gnathostome vertebrates developed from the ___________________ that help support the ______________ tissues.

pharyngeal arches; respiratory

The global patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation occur because of

rising masses of warm air and sinking masses of cool air.

The serotinous cones of certain pine trees, such as the longleaf pine, Pinus palustris, depend on _________ to release their seeds.

fire

Based on the three cell model of global air circulation shown in the figure above, where would you be most likely to find a plant species that is very drought tolerant, but not cold tolerant? (Note: the latitude numbers are found up and down along the middle of the figure)

Between 20° and 30° latitude

What would you expect to observe in a species with a promiscuous mating system?

A female mates more than one male in any given breeding season.

Hamilton's Rule is a calculation of the strength in a population of

kin selection

Most of Europe is in the _________ biome.

temperate deciduous forest

Why might workers within a population of haplodiploid eusocial insects have evolved the "willingness" to help the queen raise more offspring (i.e., sisters of the workers) rather than reproducing themselves? Assume the same male is fertilizing the queen.

Workers are more closely related to sisters than they would be to their own daughters, and hence raise their inclusive fitness by helping raise the queen's offspring.

What is an assumption of group selection?

resource prediction

How would you best explain the existence of a mountain range that has abundant conifer trees, ferns, and mosses on the east side, but only sparse shrubby plants on the west side?

Precipitation differences due to a rain shadow on the west side produce the differing plant communities.

What is adiabatic cooling?

cooling due to the decrease in air pressure at higher elevations

On a road trip in the American West, you see a prairie dog town—a colony of related animals. There are hundreds of prairie dogs, but only a subset are scanning for predators at any time. If a predator is spotted, a prairie dog barks to warn the rest of the colony, who dart into their burrows. Prairie dogs have a complex vocabulary of alarm calls, which differ to indicate hawks, coyotes, or humans. What feature of group living is best illustrated by the prairie dog alarm system?

the many-eyes hypothesis

The sea heats and cools

more slowly than the land.

Which of the following is a characteristic of tundra?

permafrost

For kin selection to work, there must be an (apparently) altruistic act. It must also benefit a relative, and

it must increase the reproductive success of that relative by enough to make it worthwhile.

In arid terrestrial environments, salt can accumulate in the soil because of

the settling and evaporation of water.

Male wild turkeys frequently form a coalition consisting of two brothers and a number of females. The subordinate brother helps to attract females to the coalition, but typically the dominant brother is the only male within the coalition that gets to mate. Solo males that are not in a coalition do occasionally attract females and mate with them. Dominant males in a coalition produce an average of 7 offspring, subordinate males within a coalition produce an average of 0 offspring, and solo males produce an average of 1 offspring. Can kin selection explain this behavior? What is the net benefit (rB - C) of a subordinate male forming a coalition with a brother as compared to being a solo male?

Yes, kin selection can explain this behavior because rB>C. The net benefit is 2.

Coral is used as an example in the textbook to discuss temperature effects on organisms. Which of these statements is most accurate about the effect of temperature?

Like basically all organisms, corals have a minimum and maximum temperature for growing well.

The global patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation occur because of

rising masses of warm air and sinking masses of cool air.

Dispersion is

the spatial distribution of individuals

Which of these are reasons why population growth typically slows down when populations reach carrying capacity?

resource limitation decreases birth rates

A survivorship curve with uniform death rates over time is most likely to be a type _______ curve

II

A population would be most likely to likely have a low growth rate under what condition?

near carrying capacity

If the age-specific fertility rate is such that 100 females of age class x would produce 50 female offspring, what is the contribution of age class x to the overall population growth rate?

cannot be calculated with this information

A fisheries biologist tells you she is studying a cohort of salmon returning to their birth river. What can you infer about those salmon?

They are the same age