Human Growth and Development Proctored Test

Piaget believed that children begin to construct knowledge in new ways at a few critical points in development

true

A sperm cell contains a total of 22 _________

autosomes

What type of instructions do genes provide to cells?

Protein structure

What do the different numbers on the Apgar scale mean?

0-3 (low/critical) The baby is in very poor condition and needs immediate help

4-6 (fairly low) The baby may be experiencing moderate difficulty and might require some assistance

7-10 (normal) The baby is in good health

What do breathing patterns in an infant indicate?

They indicate whether they are sleeping, stressed, or experiencing respiratory distress

When is malnutrition most detrimental?

in infancy and early childhood

How did Piaget describe a scheme?

a psychological structure that organizes experience

What is equilibration?

The cognitive process of balancing new information with existing knowledge to maintain a stable, conflict-free mental state 

What is centration?

The tendency of children in the preoperational stage to focus on only one important aspect of a situation or object, ignoring all others 

Which theorist is most responsible for today’s evolutionary view of attachment?

John Bowlby

What about attachment is true for most babies?

Most infants form a secure attachment with their caregivers. 

During which of Piaget’s stages of development do children start to realize that different people have different opinions toward others? 

The concrete operational stage 

What are the key components that make up metacognitive knowledge? 

Personal Variables, Task Variables, and Strategy Variables 

From what perspective do modern theorists view families? 

contextual

What are the two main dimensions of parenting? 

warmth and control

What are some of the sex differences between boys and girls during puberty? 

Girls typically begin earlier, gain more body fat, and develop breasts and menstruation 

Boys begin later, grow taller, gain more muscle, develop deeper voices, and begin sperm production 

What do primary sex characteristic changes directly impact? 

reproduction

What is Menarche? 

The first menstrual period and a key milestone in female puberty 

What are overweight teens most at risk for developing later in life? 

Type 2 diabetes 

According to Erikson, how do adolescents achieve identity? 

Navigating the developmental crisis of identity vs role confusion 

What is identity moratorium? 

The stage of active exploration without commitment, a temporary “time-out” or period of experimentation where people explore different paths 

What is a rite of passage? 

A ceremony, ritual, or event marking a significant transition in an individual’s life, such as birth, puberty, marriage, or death 

What is the most important rite of passage in most cultures? 

marriage

Moderate drinkers

one or two glasses of beer or wine per day for men, one per day for women, have lower risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke, increase the risk for certain types of cancers 

Heavy drinkers

more than 14 drinks in a week for men, more than 7 in a week for women, increased risk of Alcohol Use Disorder, liver disease, and cognitive decline 

What are the reasons that most adults work? 

Most adults work to earn income, develop identity, build relationships, gain a sense of purpose, and create structure in their daily lives. 

What is a leisure activity? 

Voluntary, non-work pursuits undertaken during free time for enjoyment, relaxation, and personal development 

What is longevity?

Living a long, healthy life often beyond average life expectancy or the ability to last for a long time 

What is the cuddle hormone? 

Oxytocin

What is battered spouse syndrome? 

a subcategory of PTSD describing the mental and physical effects of prolonged intimate partner abuse