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What is the smallest chemical unit of matter?
atom
What is matter composed of one type of atom called?
element
What do two or more atoms of the same type combine to form?
A molecule
What do two or more atoms of different types combine to form?
A compound
What is located centrally in an atom?
nucleus
What is the nucleus made up of?
protons and neutrons
What is the charge of protons?
positive
What is the charge of neutrons?
neutral
What is the overall charge of the nucleus?
Net positive
Is the nucleus stable?
Yes
Does the nucleus participate in chemical reactions?
No
Where can electrons be found?
Orbiting the nucleus in shells
Do energy levels impact the behavior of an electron?
Yes
Which electrons participate in chemical reactions?
outer shell or valance electrons
How does an atom become chemically stable?
Filing its outermost shell with electrons
Order the types of bonds from strongest to weakest
covalent, ionic, hydrogen
What is happening in a covalent bond?
atoms are sharing electrons
What element tends to make a lot of covalent bonds?
Cabon
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4
What is an ion?
An atom that has a charge due to losing or gaining an electron
What happens when an atom loses an electron?
Positive Charge
What happens when an atom gains an electron?
Negative charge
What is a cation?
An atom that lost an electron
What is an anion?
An atom that gained an electron
What is an ionic bond?
A mangent like bond between ions of opposite charges
What types of atoms can form ionic bonds?
Anions and Cations (ions)
What attraction holds together compounds?
ionic bonds
What are hydrogen bonds?
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
What types of molecules can form hydrogen bonds?
Polar molecules
Is a hydrogen bond strong or weak?
Weak
Around how much of a cell is water?
75%
Does water have an equal or unequal charge distribution?
unequal
Does water have a high or low boiling point?
high
What is the boiling point of water?
100°C
Why is water a good solvent?
It holds the ions in solution
What is H+ concentration in a basic substance?
High
What is H+ concentration in a acidic substance?
Low
What does pH describe?
Concentration of H+ in a solution
What is a pH of 7?
neutral
What is a pH of 7 or below?
Acidic
What is a pH of 7 or above?
basic
What is an organic molecule?
Any molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen
What are the four major classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
What is a carbohydrate?
A large group of compounds including sugars and starches
How can a carbohydrate be identified?
Containing CHO in a 1:2:1 Ratio
What are carbohydrates used for?
Energy for cells
Why can carbohydrates dissolve in water?
They are polar
What is a monosaccharide?
One saccharide
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
glucose
What is a disaccharide?
Two saccharides
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose
What is a polysaccharide?
Many saccharides
What is an example of a polysaccharide?
Glycogen, starch
What do lipids include?
Fats, complex lipids and steroids
What is the function of lipids?
Energy storage and structure and function of membranes
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
What is a lipid made of?
glycerol and 1 or more fatty acids
How many fatty acids does a monoacylglyceride have?
1
How many fatty acids does a diacylglyceride have?
2
How many fatty acids does a triacylglyceride have?
3
How can you tell a lipid is saturated?
No double bonds
How can you tell a lipid is unsaturated?
Has double bonds
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Is the phosphate group polar or non-polar?
polar
Is the phosphate group hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
Is the fatty acid tail polar or non-polar?
Non-polar
Is the fatty acid tail hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Why are the phosphate head and fatty acid tail's polarity important?
It allows phospholipids to form membranes in water
Do saturated fatty acids form membranes that are more or less solid?
more solid
Do unsaturated fatty acids form membranes that are more or less solid?
less solid
Do saturated fatty acids form membranes that better in extremely hot or extremely cold temperatures?
Extremely hot temperatures
Do unsaturated fatty acids form membranes that better in extremely hot or extremely cold temperatures?
Extremely cold temperatures
What are biological membranes made of?
phospholipid bilayer
Are biological membranes fluid, solid or semi-fluid?
Semi-fluid
What is the function of a biological membrane?
To separate the watery inside of a cell from the watery environment
What is the structure of steriods?
4 hydrophobic rings
What are steroids generally found in?
Eukaryotes
What is an example of a steroid?
cholesterol
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What do all proteins contain?
C, H, O, N and some S
What do most proteins act as?
Enzymes
What is an ezyme?
Increase the rate at which chemical reactions take place in living organisms
How many amino acids can proteins contain?
20
What is the structure of proteins?
amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH) and a side chain
What does the side chain determine in an amino acid?
the properties
What joins amino acids togother?
Covalent peptide bonds
What is a polypeptide?
chain of amino acids
What does the sequence of amino acids determine?
the shape and function of the protein
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
What does RNA stand for?
ribonucleic acid
What is the building blocks of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
What are the nitrogenous bases?
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What are the purine bases?
Adenine and Guanine
How many rings do purines have?
two
What are the pyrimidine bases?
cytosine, thymine, uracil
How many rings do pyrimidines have?
one
What is a pentose sugar?
5 carbon sugar
What joins nucleotides together?
covalent bonds
What bases are used in DNA?
A, G, T and C
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