Med Micro Lecture 3: Chemical principles

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110 Terms

1

What is the smallest chemical unit of matter?

atom

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2

What is matter composed of one type of atom called?

element

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3

What do two or more atoms of the same type combine to form?

A molecule

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4

What do two or more atoms of different types combine to form?

A compound

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5

What is located centrally in an atom?

nucleus

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6

What is the nucleus made up of?

protons and neutrons

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7

What is the charge of protons?

positive

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8

What is the charge of neutrons?

neutral

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9

What is the overall charge of the nucleus?

Net positive

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10

Is the nucleus stable?

Yes

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11

Does the nucleus participate in chemical reactions?

No

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12

Where can electrons be found?

Orbiting the nucleus in shells

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13

Do energy levels impact the behavior of an electron?

Yes

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14

Which electrons participate in chemical reactions?

outer shell or valance electrons

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15

How does an atom become chemically stable?

Filing its outermost shell with electrons

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16

Order the types of bonds from strongest to weakest

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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17

What is happening in a covalent bond?

atoms are sharing electrons

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18

What element tends to make a lot of covalent bonds?

Cabon

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19

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

4

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20

What is an ion?

An atom that has a charge due to losing or gaining an electron

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21

What happens when an atom loses an electron?

Positive Charge

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22

What happens when an atom gains an electron?

Negative charge

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23

What is a cation?

An atom that lost an electron

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24

What is an anion?

An atom that gained an electron

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25

What is an ionic bond?

A mangent like bond between ions of opposite charges

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26

What types of atoms can form ionic bonds?

Anions and Cations (ions)

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27

What attraction holds together compounds?

ionic bonds

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28

What are hydrogen bonds?

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

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29

What types of molecules can form hydrogen bonds?

Polar molecules

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30

Is a hydrogen bond strong or weak?

Weak

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31

Around how much of a cell is water?

75%

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32

Does water have an equal or unequal charge distribution?

unequal

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33

Does water have a high or low boiling point?

high

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34

What is the boiling point of water?

100°C

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35

Why is water a good solvent?

It holds the ions in solution

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36

What is H+ concentration in a basic substance?

High

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37

What is H+ concentration in a acidic substance?

Low

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38

What does pH describe?

Concentration of H+ in a solution

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39

What is a pH of 7?

neutral

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40

What is a pH of 7 or below?

Acidic

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41

What is a pH of 7 or above?

basic

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42

What is an organic molecule?

Any molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen

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43

What are the four major classes of organic molecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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44

What is a carbohydrate?

A large group of compounds including sugars and starches

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45

How can a carbohydrate be identified?

Containing CHO in a 1:2:1 Ratio

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46

What are carbohydrates used for?

Energy for cells

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47

Why can carbohydrates dissolve in water?

They are polar

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48

What is a monosaccharide?

One saccharide

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49

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

glucose

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50

What is a disaccharide?

Two saccharides

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51

What is an example of a disaccharide?

Sucrose

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52

What is a polysaccharide?

Many saccharides

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53

What is an example of a polysaccharide?

Glycogen, starch

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54

What do lipids include?

Fats, complex lipids and steroids

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55

What is the function of lipids?

Energy storage and structure and function of membranes

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56

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

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57

What is a lipid made of?

glycerol and 1 or more fatty acids

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58

How many fatty acids does a monoacylglyceride have?

1

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59

How many fatty acids does a diacylglyceride have?

2

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60

How many fatty acids does a triacylglyceride have?

3

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61

How can you tell a lipid is saturated?

No double bonds

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62

How can you tell a lipid is unsaturated?

Has double bonds

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63

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

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64

Is the phosphate group polar or non-polar?

polar

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65

Is the phosphate group hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

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66

Is the fatty acid tail polar or non-polar?

Non-polar

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67

Is the fatty acid tail hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

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68

Why are the phosphate head and fatty acid tail's polarity important?

It allows phospholipids to form membranes in water

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69

Do saturated fatty acids form membranes that are more or less solid?

more solid

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70

Do unsaturated fatty acids form membranes that are more or less solid?

less solid

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71

Do saturated fatty acids form membranes that better in extremely hot or extremely cold temperatures?

Extremely hot temperatures

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72

Do unsaturated fatty acids form membranes that better in extremely hot or extremely cold temperatures?

Extremely cold temperatures

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73

What are biological membranes made of?

phospholipid bilayer

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74

Are biological membranes fluid, solid or semi-fluid?

Semi-fluid

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75

What is the function of a biological membrane?

To separate the watery inside of a cell from the watery environment

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76

What is the structure of steriods?

4 hydrophobic rings

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77

What are steroids generally found in?

Eukaryotes

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78

What is an example of a steroid?

cholesterol

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79

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

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80

What do all proteins contain?

C, H, O, N and some S

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81

What do most proteins act as?

Enzymes

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82

What is an ezyme?

Increase the rate at which chemical reactions take place in living organisms

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83

How many amino acids can proteins contain?

20

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84

What is the structure of proteins?

amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH) and a side chain

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85

What does the side chain determine in an amino acid?

the properties

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86

What joins amino acids togother?

Covalent peptide bonds

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87

What is a polypeptide?

chain of amino acids

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88

What does the sequence of amino acids determine?

the shape and function of the protein

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89

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

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90

What does RNA stand for?

ribonucleic acid

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91

What is the building blocks of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

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92

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

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93

What are the nitrogenous bases?

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

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94

What are the purine bases?

Adenine and Guanine

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95

How many rings do purines have?

two

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96

What are the pyrimidine bases?

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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97

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

one

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98

What is a pentose sugar?

5 carbon sugar

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99

What joins nucleotides together?

covalent bonds

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100

What bases are used in DNA?

A, G, T and C

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