NUSCTX 10, Final - UC Berkeley

Exam I

Version C

What is lipogenesis?

When your body makes fat from non-fat substances

ATP

Produced in the mitochondria

Produced by use of a high proton concentration in the inner membrane space

Produced via the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate by the ATP synthase

NOT!! Is generated at a rate exactly proportional to weight to the 3/4 power

Carbohydrate digestions begins in the

Mouth

Essential Fatty Acids

Alpha-linolenic acid

Linoleic acid

Absorptive Processes

Passive diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Endocytosis

Difference between Micronutrients and Macronutrients

Micronutrients are needed in small quantities

Macronutrients are energy-yielding

Leading cause of death in the United States

Cardiovascular disease

Kwashiorkor

Edema

Growth impairment

Functions of lipids in the body

Energy storage

Insulation and padding

Promote satiety

Fat-soluble vitamin transport

Tripeptide

A chain of three amino acids

Anabolic pathways

Include the synthesis of proteins to form ligaments

Use energy to construct cellular components

Insulin

Hormone that helps lower blood glucose levels

Order of GI tract

Stomach

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Large intestine

Protein Efficiency Ratio

How much live weight gain per crude protein intake

Central Dogma

DNA -> RNA-> protein

Hormones

Enable long distance communication between tissues

Paracrine Agents

Enable cell to cell communication in close proximity

Accessory Organs

Salivary glands

Liver

Pancreas

Gallbladder

True Digestibility

Protein nitrogen from bacteria in your istestine

Apparent Digestibility

How much protein you ate

How much protein you excrete

Bomb Calorimetry

Allows an estimate the gross energy content of food tested

Effects of Trans Fats

Lowers HDL

Raises LDL

Bile

Emulsifies fats

What makes a nutrients "essential"?

When the nutrient cannot be synthesized in the body, and must be consumed in the diet

Recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Balance calories to manage weight

Reduce food & food components associated with diseases

Increase consumption of food & food components that promote health

Gastrin

Hormone

Stimulates secretion of gastric acid

Protein and Amino Acids

Our bodies use amino acids in a specific ratio to each other

The protein quality of food is not related to the quantity of protein in that food

A person who is severely ill and losing protein has a negative nitrogen balance

An infant who is growing has a positive nitrogen balance

Chylomicrons

Digested lipid components are reassembled into this in the enterocytes lining the small intestine

Are released into the lymphatic system

Required on the Nutrition Facts Panel

Serving size

Total calories per serving

The nutrients in the food product

Ingredients in the food product

RDA for Protein

Adults: 0.8 grams/kg of body weight

Symptoms of Type I Diabetes

Frequent urination

Extreme fatigue

Ketone bodies

Extreme hunger

Protein Structure

Peptide bonds link amino acids together

Peptide bonds are formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the nitrogen group of the next amino acid

If the shape of a protein is altered, its function may be disrupted

Normal hemoglobin has a spherical shape

Calculating "Energy Out"

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Thermic effect on food (TEF)

Adaptive thermogenesis (NEAT)

Physical activity (PA)

Functions of Water in the Body

Removes waste materials

Regulates body temperature

Transports nutrients through the body

Serves as a solvent

Functions of Carbohydrates

Provide energy

Spares proteins

Provide sweetness

Provide fiber

How are carbohydrates stored in the body?

Glycogen

Protein Digestion

Protein is partially digested in the stomach by pepsin and HCL

Final digestion of proteins and amino acids occurs in the small intestine

Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and then travel to the liver

CCK is a hormone which is involved in protein digestion

Benefits of a Balanced Vegetarian Diet

Lower body weight

Better digestive health

Reduced risk of some cancers

Lower blood pressure

Major form in which nitrogen is excreted from the human body?

Urea

Nutrient Density

A measure of how many nutrients per calorie a food provides compared to its energy content

Functions of Lipoproteins in the Circulatory System

Transport of lipids and cholesterol in the blood

Adequate Intake

Daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish Estimated Average Requirements

Fatty Acids

Saturated fats

Unsaturated fats

Trans fats

Factors Affecting Basal Metabolic Rate

Thyroxin

% lean tissue

Fever

Product of Cellular Respiration

ATP

Function of Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Nutrient absorption

Barrier and immune defense

Fluid and electrolyte absorption

Secretion of apolipoproteins

Examples of Monosaccharids

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction

Major Function of Protein in the Body

Transport

Fluid balance

Protection

Enzymes

Exam II

Version B

Physiological Processes related to Vitamin A

Nighttime vision

Child growth

Normal differentiation of epithelial cells

Reproduction

Water Soluble Vitamins

B Vitamins

Vitamin C

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Iron-deficiency Anemia

Small red blood cells

Reduced hemoglobin levels

Excess Iron in the Body

Increased free radical mediated damage

Increased susceptibility to infection

Increased risk of heart disease

Trace Minerals

Selenium

Zinc

Copper

Iodide

Fluoride

Micronutrient Deficiencies

Niacin deficiency causes pellagra

Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets

Iron deficiency causes anemia

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies cause anemia

Thiamin deficiency causes beriberi

Nutrients involved in Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

Selenium

Zinc

Iron

Zinc

Cofactor in RNA synthesis

Stabilizes proteins that regulate gene expression through the action of "Zinc Fingers"

Function as an enzyme in many cellular processes including growth, protein synthesis, and sexual maturation

Stabilizes cell membranes

Statements about Water Soluble Vitamins

Are not required daily

Should not be consumed in high doses

Are subject to cooking and food storage losses

Are absorbed by the portal vein

Are readily excreted in urine

Absorption of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Requires:

Pancreatic lipase

Bile acids

Fat

Iron

Found in:

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Cytochromes

Abstract

Provides a brief background of the topic, study performed, the major experimental results, and their relevance in the same subheading

Warfarin

Vitamin K antagonist

Poison for rats and mice

Thrombophlebitis

Retard clotting in prosthetic heart valve

NOT!!!, a treatment of increased bleeding tendency

Folic Acid

Widely fortified in foods in order to prevent birth defects

Major circulating forms of Vitamin D

25-OH-D3

Parathyroid Hormone

Regulates serum calcium levels

Plasma Calcium Level

Is tightly controlled

Osteoporosis

A condition typified by a normal mineral to matrix ratio, but reduced amounts of both mineral and matrix, resulting in thin and brittle bones

Transferrin

Binds two iron atoms and transports the iron in the blood to tissues

Dietary Vitamin D Dependency

Skin color

Sunlight exposure duration

Amount of skin exposed to sunlight

Ethnicity

Pernicious Anema

Inhibits the absorption of Vitamin B12 because the parietal cells in the stomach are destroyed and, thus, intrinsic factor is no longer secreted.

FDA requires that a Supplement Facts Label must include

The ingredients in the supplement

What are supplement labels allowed to claim about their products?

What the Upper Limit is for specific ingredients

That the supplement contains a mega-dose of a particular nutrients

That the product contains high potency of a particular nutrient

NOT!!!, that the product treats, cures, or prevents a disease not entirely related to a particular nutrient

Bioavailability

The percent of a nutrient that can be absorbed

Functions of Vitamin C

Collage formation

Antioxidant

Immune function

Statements about Sodium

Upper limit of sodium is 2300 mg/day

Current average sodium intake in United State is more than 2300 mg/day

Eating too much sodium increases the risk of high blood pressure

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can regulate sodium reabsorption by the kidney

NOT!!!, that sodium is mainly located intracellularly

Good sources of Polyunsaturated Fat

Almonds

Seeds

Fatty fish

Walnuts

NOT!!!, Butter

Most Potent Fat-Soluble Antioxidant

Vitamin E

Hydrophobic

Not water soluble

(e.g. a long chain fatty acids is hydrophobic)

Fortification and enrichment are processes in which nutrients are?

Added to foods during processing

Which hormones responsible for the regulation of body water?

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Antidiuretic hormone

Grandfather Clause

A substance historically used by man to supplement the diet

Benefits of Fiber

Stimulates GI motility

Promotes healthy gut microflora

Slows nutrient absorption

Can lower cholesterol

How many calories are in a gram of carbohydrates and protein?

4 kcals

How many calories are in a gram of fat?

9 kcals

Statements about Nutritional Research

Nutritional research is necessary to help us understand how nutrients affect various physiological processes in the body

Nutritional research is used in the development of therapies that counteract or prevent nutrition-related diseases

Nutritional research is conducted through the use of the scientific method

The results of nutritional research should always be subjected to challenge and change

NOT!!!, the results of nutritional research or recommendations can never change

When whole grains are refined, which parts are lost?

Bran

Germ

Scientific Method

Observed phenomena

Hypothesis generated

Research experiment

Build model over likely explanation

Evaluated by other scientists

Confirmed or rejects

Who is at increased risk of zinc deficiency?

Alcoholics

People with Anorexia Nervosa

The elderly

Pregnant women

Statements about Thyroid/Thyroxine

Thyroxine is important in thermogenesis and lipid homeostasis

If there is not enough iodide present in the body, the thyroid gland will enlarge to try to capture more iodide

Ingesting iodized salt can prevent Goiter

Too little thyroxine in the body is know as hypothyroidism

NOT!!, the thyroid gland requires fluoride for thyroxine synthesis

Human Experiment

Experiment in which there is some sort of intervening involved

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)

Functions of B Vitamins

Function as co-enzymes

Criteria for diagnosing someone with metabolic syndrome?

High blood pressure

High fasting blood glucose level

Which human disease is related to obesity?

Fatty liver

Dyslipidemia

Albumin

Binds absorbed copper and transports the copper to the liver

To determine if one's body weight is healthy, we must consider

Body mass index

Body composition

Age and gender

Health status

Proportion of total body water that is located extracellularly

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