APUSH - Chapter 20 ID's: Imperialism

Rise of U.S. Imperialism

William Seward

Republican Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln who prevented foreign involvement in the Civil War and encouraged the purchase of Alaska from Russia

Monroe Doctrine

a document written by James Monroe in 1823 stating that the U.S. would not allow foreign involvement in the Western Hemisphere

French

William Seward threatens them via the Monroe Doctrine to leave Mexico in 1865 which they do

Alaska Purchase (1867)

“Seward’s Folly”

Pan-American Conference (1889)

established for political and economic cooperation among nations in the continental Americas

James Blaine

held the position of Secretary of State under James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, and Benjamin Harrison; helped establish the Pan-American Conference

Venezuela Boundary Dispute

Great Britain agreed to arbitrate marking a turning point in British-American relationship (rivals —> allies)

Grover Cleveland and Richard Olney

President and Secretary of State pair who pushed for Great Britain to arbitrate in Venezuela/Guiana dispute

Hawaii

American settlers helped to overthrow the monarchy of this country in 1893 and in 1898 McKinley annexed the region

International Darwinism

survival of the fittest among nations; encouraged the spread of white culture and justified imperialism

Josiah Strong

reverend who wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis (1865) which advocated for colonization as a means to spread religion and the Anglo-Saxon’s “superior” culture.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

U.S. Navy Captain who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) which determined that a strong navy was necessary to become a world power economically and politically

Cuban Revolt

renewed in 1895 against Spanish imperialism

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish general known as “The Butcher” who forced Cuban civilians into concentration camps leading to the deaths of thousands

Jingoism

intense nationalism which encouraged aggressive foreign policy

De Lome Letter

a document critical of McKinley written by the Spanish minister of US which was leaked to the press

Teller Amendment

mandated that the US would not take control of Cuba after Spanish-American war

George Dewey

commodore who commanded a fleet sent by Theodore Roosevelt to the Philippines in anticipation of the Spanish-American War

Rough Riders

group of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt who charged up San Juan Hill in Cuba

Treaty of Paris

1) recognized Cuban independence 2) U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rice and Guam 3) U.S. acquisition of the Philippines in return for $20 million payment to Spain

Emilio Aguinaldo

led geurilla fighters against Americans in the Philippines after fighting alongside them in the Spanish-American War

Anti-Imperialism League

led by William Jennings Bryan to oppose U.S. expansion

Insular Cases

Supreme Court cases which determined that Constitutional rights didn’t automatically apply to territories but that Congress could decide which territories got rights

Platt Amendment (1901)

if Cuba agrees 1) not to sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired independence 2) that the U.S. can intervene in Cuba 3) permits the U.S. to have military bases in Cuba, then it may receive sovereignty

John Hay

McKinley’s Secretary of State who called the Spanish-American War a “splendid little war” and, more notably, called for an Open Door Policy in China in response to European spheres of influence

Open Door Policy

free commerce in China which would eliminate spheres of influence

Boxer Rebellion

due to a rise in xenophobia brought about by spheres of influence, this revolt in China which the U.S. helped to quell led to China having to pay recompense rendering them even weaker

Second Hay Note

despite being ignored by European powers, this called for equal and impartial trade as well as Chinese territorial integrity

“Big Stick Policy”

the name of Theodore Roosevelt’s aggressive foreign policy strategy

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

gave U.S. rights to the Panama Canal

Panama Revolt

Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated this event to remove Colombian interference from building the Panama Canal

George Geothals

chief engineer of the Panama canal

William Gorgas

scientist who eliminated mosquitoes helping to stop the spread of yellow fever

Roosevelt Corollary

addition to the Monroe Doctrine which states that the U.S. may intervene in the west instead of European countries (made the U.S. the police force of the western hemisphere)

Santo Domingo

Theodore Roosevelt intervened here instead of European countries to get the Dominican Republic to pay its debts to them

Russo-Japanese War

Theodore Roosevelt diplomatically ended this conflict; however, Japan was not happy with what they received via the treaty

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War in New Hampshire

Gentlemen’s Agreement

after becoming angry over the segregation of Japanese and white students in America, Japan and the U.S. agreed that Japan would secretly restrict immigration to the U.S. if the U.S. would not continue this segregation in an agreement with this name

Great White Fleet

a naval display sent to Japan and other nations from 1907-1909 in order to demonstrate the U.S.’s power

Algeciras Conference (1906)

conference in which Theodore Roosevelt helped to settle conflict between Germany and France

Hague Conference (1907)

Theodore Roosevelt led U.S. involvement in this conference about limiting warfare

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

an agreement between the U.S. and Japan in which they would respect each other’s Pacific holdings and uphold the Open Door Policy in China

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s philosophy on foreign policy which determined that supporting American enterprises abroad would increase trade relations

William Howard Taft

Theodore Roosevelt’s successor who was in office from 1909-1913 who believed in private investment rather than military intervention in foreign policy

railroads in China

America joins European nations in investing in this industry in China

Manchurian problem

the name given to the event in which Russia and Japan made a railroad in Manchuria (region in China) excluding the U.S. and going against the Root-Takahira Agreement

Intervention in Nicaragua

In 1911, Taft intervened in Nicaraguan financial affairs and in 1912 sent in the military to deal with the Nicaraguan civil war in order to protect U.S. investments

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican senator who feared Japan would take part of Mexico’s Baja Penninsula

Lodge Corollary

determined that non-European nations could not own territory in the Western Hemisphere, upsetting Latin America and Japan

Woodrow Wilson

William Howard Taft’s democratic successor who believed in a “New Freedom” and moral foreign affairs

William Jennings Bryan

Woodrow Wilson’s secretary of state

Jones Act (1916)

determined that the Phillipines: 1) had full territorial status 2) could have a bill of rights and universal male suffrage and 3) would be independent once they organized a stable government

Jones-Shafroth Act (1917)

granted all Puerto Ricans citizenship and limited self-government

Conciliation Treaties

treaties negotiated by William Jennings Bryan that decided that 1) countries would submit disputes to international commissions and 2) there would be a 1 year cooling off period before going to war (30 such treaties were negotiated)

Military Intervention under Woodrow Wilson

despite his calling for moral foreign affairs, Wilson used more of this in Latin America and Mexico than Roosevelt or Taft

Mexican Civil War

Woodrow Wilson would not recognize the new (anti-democratic) dictator who took over Mexico after this conflict

General Huerta

became the Mexican dictator after the Mexican Civil War

Tampico incident

after the U.S. aided revolts against Huerta, Mexico arrested (then released) U.S. sailors and refused to apologize in this dispute mediated by the ABC powers

ABC Powers

Argentina, Brazil, Chile

Pancho Villa

led revolts against the new democratic government in Mexico led by Venustiano Carranza after General Huerta was disposed

expeditionary force

failed attempt to capture Pancho Villa

John J. Pershing

leader of expeditionary force