Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology

What is the definition of biotechnology?

Fusion of tech and biology. Reprogram living systems to do something new.

What are three traditional biotechnology products?

yogurt, bread, cheese

What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?

therepueatic drugs, enzymes in laundry detergents

When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

1976 by genentech

When did early humans beging selectively bredding plants and livestock?

8000 BCE

When was wine first invented?

4000 BCE by egyptians

Who developed brewing and cheese making? When?

2000 BCE, sumerians and egyptians

What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?

moldy soybean curds, 500 BCE, chinese

Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?

Edward Jenner, 1796

Who discovered protiens?

jons jakob in 1838

When was the origin of species published?

1859 by charles darwin

When was pasteurization first developed?

1861 by louis pasteur

When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

1865

Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?

loius pastuer, 1885

When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?

1919

Who discovered penicillin? What year?

alexander Flemming, 1928

Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetics info?

oswald avery in 1943

When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?

19531953 by watson and crick

When was mRNA discovered?

1961

When was the gene first completely synthesized?

1971

When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?

1977, genenteen

When was DNA fingerprinting first used?

1984 for forensics and paternity

When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?

1986

When was the human genome project first launched?

1990

What was the first cloned mammal? What year?

dolly the sheep, 1997

When was golden rice developed?

1999 to combat vitamin a deficiency

when did the human genome project start and finish

1990-2003

When was the first HPV vaccine approved?

2003

When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?

2010

When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?

2012

When were mRNA vaccines first used?

2021

What are the different sectors in biotech?

biological research, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing

What are the key techniques in biotech?

molecular biological, cell biology, genetic engineering

What is the ethical consideration around biotech?

equity, safety, long term impact

What are the tools in biotech?

whole cells, DNA, RNA, protiens

What are two of the key instruments in biotech?

spectrophotometer, PCR machine

What is chromatography?

sort

What is gene transfer?

delivery system

What is protien purification?

isolating proteins, final product

What is a spectrophotometer?

light absorption, quantify DNA and proteins via light

What is PCR?

amplify dnA

What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?

biosurveillance

Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?

genetech, humulin

What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?

biological drugs, chemical drugs

who are the key users of biotech?

medicine, agriculture, manufacturers, research

what is genomics?

study of entire genome

what is proteomics?

study of all of protiens expression

what is precision medicine?

medicine targerted therpaies based on genetic profile

what happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?

lab animal testing, 5-6 years

what happens during phase 1 clinical trials?

testing safety, tens of volunteers, 3-6 months

what happens during phase 2 clinical trials?

test effectiveness, hundreds of volunteers, 1-2 years

what happens during phase 3 clinical trials?

confirm results, thousands of volunteers, 1-4 years

what are the four common hazards in a a lab?

chemicals, biological, physical, fire-related

what does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?

training and ppe

what must initial and recurring training cover?

equipment location, safe handling, emergency reponses

what is ppe?

personal protective equipment

when should PPE be worn?

all time

what is eye protection?

goggles, splash guards, uv face sheild

what is hand protection?

gloves

what are body/foot protection?

lab coats, closed toe shoes

what is the MSDS?

instruction manual for each chemical

when should fume hoods be used?

when handling volatile substances

what are Biosafety levels?

danger category

what is bsl 1

non-disease cuasing organisms

what is bsl 2

moderate hazards

what is bsl 3/4

rare, advanced

how should microorganisms be disposed

autoclaving, 10% bleach

what tools measure volume

graduated cylinders (moderate accuracy), volumetric flask (high accuracy), pipettes (dna/protien work, most accurate)

what tools measure mass

analytical balances

what is normal body temp

37 C

what is normal room temp

22 C

what is ph meter

measures ph

how should glassware be cleaned

autoclave

what is an autoclave

steam pressure denature protiens

what are the different methods for disinfection

10% bleach, 70% ethonal

what is the purpose of a a lab notebook

purpose, methods, results ,conclsuion

what are si units

grams, liters, degrees celsius

what is the dilution forumla

c1v1=c2v2

What are some examples of microbes being used in food products?

pickles, sausage, bread

How are microbes used in dairy products?

cheese, yogurt

How do microbes break down organic waste?

decomposition

How are microbes used in health care?

genetic engineering, make medicine, insulin

What are pathogens?

harmfull microorganisms

What is anabolism?

building in cell

What is catabolism?

breaking in cell

Where does metabolism happen in bacteria?

cytoplasm

What is fermentation?

break down organic molecules to produce energy without oxygen

end products of fermentaion?

lactic acid—>sour flavor, alcoholic—>CO2, ethanol

What is glucose?

cells fuel

What is oxidation?

release energy, loses electron

What is reduction?

stores energy, gains electron

What happens when glucose is oxidized?

cells use that energy

What is glycolisis?

splits glucose into 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

enters kreb cycle

What does fermentation begin with?

pyruvate

What is lactic acid fermentation?

pyruvate—>lactobacillus—>lactic acid—>sour flavor

What is alcoholic fermentation?

pyruvate—>yeast—>acetaldehyde—>ethanol, CO2

Why is fermentation important?

produce energy w/out oxygen

What is milk rich in?

proteins, sugars, fats, minerals

What pathogens can be found in milk?

pseudomonas, e coli, protozoan, salmonella, campyplyobacter, s aureus, b rucella