BSAD 015 Final (Ch 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13 + guest lectures & HBR articles)

Co-cultures

group of people who share values, customs & norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship

Culture

totality of learned, share symbols, language, values & norms that distinguish one group of people from another

Cultural centrism

belief that our own culture is superior & the correct lens from which we judge other cultures

Ethnicity

person's perception of his/her ancestry & heritage

Gender

social & psychological variable that characterizes a person's identity as feminine, masculine or androgynous (combo of masculine & feminine traits)

Intimate distance

zone people willingly occupy w/ only their closest & most intimate friends, family members & romantic partners; ranges from 0-1 ½ ft

Nationality

person's status as a citizen of a particular country

Outgroup homogeneity effect

tendency to think members of other groups are all the same

Personal distance

distance people maintain w/ their friends & relatives; extends from 1 ½-4 ft

Projected cognitive similarity

tendency to assume others share our cultural norms & values

Public distance

distance that applies when someone is giving a speech or performing in front of a large audience; purpose is to keep the presenter far enough away from the group that he/she is comfortable & visible to everyone; 12-25 ft or greater, depending on the circumstance

Race

differences in sets of physical characteristics(bone structure, color, hair & eyes) that have often been presumed to have a biological or genetic basis

Sex

genetic variable that determines whether someone is born male, female, of another sex or of an indeterminate sex

Sexuality

describes the sex or sexes to which a person is romantically or sexually attracted (sexual orientation)

Social distance

used w/ customers, casual acquaintances & others to convey more formal, impersonal interaction; ranges from 4-12 ft

Societies

a group of people who share the same culture

Socioeconomic status

a measure of a person's financial & social position relative to that of others

Stereotypes

a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on the way we perceive others & their communication behavior

Uncertainty avoidance

the extent to which we try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable

Primary forms of human diversity

-Race, ethnicity, nationality
-Socioeconomic status
-Disability status
-Sex, gender, sexuality
-Religion
-Generational identity

Major cultural dimensions

-Individualism & collectivism
-Low & high-context cultures
-Power distance
-Uncertainty avoidance
-Cultural masculinity & femininity

Behavioral strategies for adapting to cultural norms & customs

-Social customs
-Touch & Proximity
-Formality
-Time orientation
-Gender roles

Ways of engaging in diversity ethically

-Honor your own cultural values
-Respect the cultural values & diverse backgrounds of others
-See cultures & diversity as an opportunity to learn & grow
-Recognize the individuality of others

4 ways to develop cultural communication skills

1. Cultivate cultural awareness
2. Practice perspective taking
3. Avoid cultural centrism
4. Adapt to changing cultural norms & expectations

Individualistic culture

people believe their primary responsibility is to themselves

Collectivistic culture

people believe their primary responsibility is to their families, communities & employers rather than to themselves

Low-context culture

direct, say what they mean, concrete specific language

High-context culture

less direct, maintain harmony & avoid offense

Low-power distance culture

people believe all individuals are equal & no person or group should have excessive power

High-power distance culture

certain groups such as royalty or ruling political party, have great power, whereas the avg person has much less

Uncertainty-avoidant societies

uncomfortable w/ differences in opinions & unpredictable situations

Uncertainty-accepting societies

open to new ideas

Masculine culture

ambition, achievement, acquisition of resources (money)
ex) U.S.

Feminine culture

nurturing behavior, quality of time, service to others
ex) sweden

Effective communicators adapt to

-Social customs
-Norms for touch & proximity
-Expected levels of formality
-Time orientation
-Gender roles
-Tolerance for conflict

High contact culture

stand or sit close to one another & touch one another frequently

Low-contact culture

keep a greater amount of personal space between themselves & touch one another less frequently

Monochronic

time is a valuable commodity & expect punctuality

Polychronic

time is holistic & events don't have to start on "time"

Listening

The active process of making meaning from another person's spoken message

4 listening styles

1. People-oriented style
2. Action-oriented style
3. Content-oriented style
4. Time-oriented style

What % of college students spend time listening

54%

HURIER model for effective listening

Hearing, Understanding, Remembering, Interpreting, Evaluating, Responding

Forms of responding most passive → most active

Stonewalling, Backchanneling, Paraphrasing, Empathizing, Supporting, Analyzing, Advising

3 forms of listening

1. informational
2. critical
3. empathetic

Barriers to effective listening

Pseudolistenting, Selective attention, Noise, Glazing over, Rebuttel tendency, Closed-mindedness, Information overload, Compettitive interrupting

Improving informational listening

separate what is & isn't said, Avoid confirmation bias, Listen for substance more than style

Improving critical listening

Be a skeptic, Evaluate a speaker's credibility, Understand probability

Improving empathetic listening

Listen nonjudgementally, Agknowledge feelings, Communicate support nonverbally

Cognitive active listening

paying attention to all the info that you are receiving from the other person, comprehending & integrating that info

Emotional active listening

staying calm & compassionate during the convo, managing emotional reactions

Behavioral active listening

conveying interest & comprehension

Action-oriented style

looks for organization & precision; likes neat, concise, error-free presentations

Closed-mindedness

tendency to not listen to something with which we disagree

Competitive interrupting

using interruptions to take control of the conversation

Content-oriented style

hones in on intellectual challenges; likes to attend to details & thinks things through

Critical listening

listening with a goal of evaluating & analyzing what is being heard

Glazing over

daydreaming; actually listening to the speaker but allowing the mind to drift

Hearing

sensory process of receiving & perceiving sounds; creating meaning from what we hear

Information overload

being overwhelmed by the huge amount of info taken in every day

Empathetic listening

trying to identify w/ the speaker by understanding & experiencing what he/she is thinking or feeling

Informational listening

listening to learn; focus on learning something new rather than critique what we're hearing

Noise

anything that interferes w/ a receiver's ability to encode or decode a message

People-Oriented style

attuned to finding common interests w/ others & discerning their emotions & interests

Pseudolistening

pretending to pay attention to someone but not really listening

Rebuttal tendency

propensity to debate a speaker's point & formulate a reply while that person is still speaking

Selective attention

listening to only what we want to hear & ignoring the rest

Time-oriented style

emphasizes efficiency; prefers convos that are quick & to the point

Stonewalling

silence & lack of expression on your face; lack of interest

Backchanneling

facial expressions, nods, vocalizations & verbal statements that let the speaker know you're paying attention

Attribution

An explanation of an observed behavior; the answer to the question "Why did this occur?"

Autonomy face

Our need to avoid being imposed on by others.

Competence face

Our need to be respected—to have others acknowledge our abilities and intelligence.

Face

Our desired public image

Face needs

Important components of our desired public image; Competence, Fellowship, autonomy

Face-threatening act

An act that hinders the fulfillment of one or more of our face needs.

Facework

The behaviors we use to project our desired public image to others.

Fellowship face

The need to have others like and accept us.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to attribute other people's behaviors to internal rather than external causes.

Identity

Our own stable perceptions about who we are; also called our self-concept.

Image management

The process of behavioral adjustment to project a desired image.

Interpretation

After noticing and classifying a stimulus, assigning it an interpretation to figure out its meaning for you.

Johari window

A visual representation of the self as composed of four separate parts.

Open

what you know

Blind

what others know

Hidden

what you choose not to reveal

Unknown

no one knows

Life story

A way of presenting ourselves to others that is based on our self-concept but is also influenced by other people.

Organization

The classification of information according to its similarities to and differences from other things we know about.

Perception

The process of making meaning from what we experience in the world around us.

3 stages

1. Selection
2. Organization
3. Interpretation

Perceptual set

A predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive.

Primacy effect

A principle that says that first impressions are critical because they set the tone for all future interactions.

Recency effect

A principle that says that the most recent impression we have of a person's communication is more powerful than our earlier impressions.

Selection

The process by which our mind and body help us isolate certain stimuli to pay attention to.

Self-concept

Our own stable perceptions about who we are; also called our identity.

Objective

based on fact; presents info in an unbiased fashion

Subjective

impression of ourselves; offers info in a manner that supports only the source's favored position on an issue

Self-esteem

Our subjective evaluation of our value and worth as a person.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A situation in which a prediction causes people to act and communicate in ways that make it come about.