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Which of the following best characterizes the National Origins Act of 1924?
it established immigration quotas based on a percentage of each nationality residing in the US in 1890.
Despite its isolationist position in the 1920’s, the US government actively intervened throughout the decade in which of the following areas of European affairs?
international finance and reparations
The purpose of the liberty loan campaign illustrated in the drawing above was to
finance american involvement in the first world war
Which of the following generalizations can be supported by the information provided in the map above?
Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater political equality for women.
Which of the following occurred on the home front during the First World War?
The US public expressed widespread anti-german sentiment.
When war broke out in Europe in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson established a policy that called for
acknowledgement of American neutral rights on the high seas
Which of the following best characterizes the stance of the writers associated with the literacy flowering of the 1920s, such as Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald?
Criticism of middle-class conformity and materialism
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose the policy suggested in the image (funnel cartoon)?
Business executives and industrialists
The policy suggested in the image (funnel cartoon) was most directly a response to
fears that immigrants were dangerous radicals or would increase competition for jobs
In the 1960s, the policy referenced in the image(funnel cartoon) was
overturned by the passage of new legislation
In the period from 1900 to 1921, which of the following groups made up the largest share of immigration to the United States?
Italians and Poles
“For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition.”
James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010
The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period?
he period from after the First World War through the 1920s
“A few years ago, in the late 1920’s, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem.
“The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures.
“Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn’t approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn’t need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . .
“News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors.”
Which of the following contributed to Hubert’s criticism in the excerpt of White Americans who visited Harlem in the 1920s?
Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations
“A few years ago, in the late 1920’s, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem.
“The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures.
“Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn’t approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn’t need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . .
“News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors.”
Which of the following best explains a context for the development depicted in the excerpt?
Urban centers provided African Americans with opportunities for artistic expression.
“A few years ago, in the late 1920’s, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem.
“The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures.
“Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn’t approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn’t need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . .
“News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors.”
Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938
The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments by the 1920s?
The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration
“We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
“To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
“We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government.”
“Petition of the National Security League,” 1923
Which of the following most directly refutes the argument presented in the third paragraph of the excerpt?
Nativist campaigns led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration from Europe and Asia.
“We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
“To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
“We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government.”
“Petition of the National Security League,” 1923
The excerpt best serves as evidence in support of which of the following arguments about the home front during and after the First World War?
Increased anxieties about political radicalism led to restrictions on the freedom of speech.
“We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
“To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
“We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government.”
“Petition of the National Security League,” 1923
Which of the following evidence best supports the claims made in the excerpt?
Immigration from Europe peaked in the early decades of the twentieth century.
“We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
“To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
“We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government.”
“Petition of the National Security League,” 1923
Which of the following contexts most directly contributed to the trend in immigration described in the first paragraph of the excerpt?
The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy
“We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color.
“We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad....
“We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers.”
Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920
Which of the following most plausibly influenced Garvey’s argument in the excerpt?
The concept of self-determination debated at the Treaty of Versailles peace talks
“We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color.
“We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad....
“We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers.”
Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920
The ideas expressed in Garvey’s declaration drew the most significant support from which of the following?
participants in the great migration
“We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color.
“We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad....
“We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers.”
Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920
Which of the following later movements held ideas closest to those expressed by Garvey in the excerpt?
Malcolm X’s Black nationalism emphasizing racial pride and economic self-sufficiency
Expanding popular culture during the period of the advertisement (1924) was most directly accompanied by which of the following changes?
Social tensions intensified over gender roles, race, and modern values
Technological development such as that depicted in the advertisement most directly contributed to which of the following trends in the early twentieth century?
A greater awareness of regional and national cultures
The reference to “those blues from Memphis” most likely indicates which of the following historical situations in which the advertisement was created?
Internal migration led to new art forms and expression of regional identities.
The advertisement (radio) best reflects which of the following economic transformations during the period?
An increase in the production and sale of consumer goods.
“Housewifery. This old-fashioned word is used here to include the methods and processes connected with the actual work of the house. . . . This department of household management is a combination of sanitation and the economics of labor. . . .
“Order in work and division of labor.—This depends so largely upon the number of workers, and upon the equipment of the house that no plan can be made for all. The question must be differently answered for the woman who has a helper one day a week, or with one or two, or with a large staff of workers. . . .
“‘Domestic service’ is too large a social and economic problem to discuss at length here. Miss Jane Addams calls it ‘belated industry,’ meaning that in domestic work we are far behind the productive industries of commerce in organization. We are trying experiments in putting work out, and having helpers come in, and in time we may bring order out of chaos when employers and employees are all properly trained and have the right relation to each other.”
Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Foods and Household Management: A Textbook of the Household Arts, 1914
The ideas expressed in the excerpt were most likely aimed at which of the following groups?
middle-class families
“Housewifery. This old-fashioned word is used here to include the methods and processes connected with the actual work of the house. . . . This department of household management is a combination of sanitation and the economics of labor. . . .
“Order in work and division of labor.—This depends so largely upon the number of workers, and upon the equipment of the house that no plan can be made for all. The question must be differently answered for the woman who has a helper one day a week, or with one or two, or with a large staff of workers. . . .
“‘Domestic service’ is too large a social and economic problem to discuss at length here. Miss Jane Addams calls it ‘belated industry,’ meaning that in domestic work we are far behind the productive industries of commerce in organization. We are trying experiments in putting work out, and having helpers come in, and in time we may bring order out of chaos when employers and employees are all properly trained and have the right relation to each other.”
Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Foods and Household Management: A Textbook of the Household Arts, 1914
References to “household management,” “the productive industries of commerce,” and “order out of chaos” reflect the extension of which of the following into the home?
Progressive era reforms
“Housewifery. This old-fashioned word is used here to include the methods and processes connected with the actual work of the house. . . . This department of household management is a combination of sanitation and the economics of labor. . . .
“Order in work and division of labor.—This depends so largely upon the number of workers, and upon the equipment of the house that no plan can be made for all. The question must be differently answered for the woman who has a helper one day a week, or with one or two, or with a large staff of workers. . . .
“‘Domestic service’ is too large a social and economic problem to discuss at length here. Miss Jane Addams calls it ‘belated industry,’ meaning that in domestic work we are far behind the productive industries of commerce in organization. We are trying experiments in putting work out, and having helpers come in, and in time we may bring order out of chaos when employers and employees are all properly trained and have the right relation to each other.”
Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Foods and Household Management: A Textbook of the Household Arts, 1914
The system of labor that is the focus of the excerpt would eventually change most dramatically as a result of the
demands of industrial production during the Second World War
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the ideas expressed in the image? (pushing for war)
managers and owners of business enterprises
After the war, propaganda such as that employed by the image was used to help justify which of the following policies?
red scare prosecutions
“The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.”
Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919
The federal government most enhanced its legal authority to address threats considered a clear and present danger during which of the following later periods?
In the 2000s, following the terrorist attacks in the US.
“The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.”
Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919
The restrictions imposed by the Schenck decision most directly contradicted which of the following earlier developments in the United States?
Protection of liberties through the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791
“The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.”
Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919
The Schenck case emerged most directly from the context of which of the following?
Critiques by radicals on US foreign policy
“Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it.
“I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . .
“It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . .
“The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain’s dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain’s case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes.”
A limitation of the excerpt as evidence of the reasons for United States entry into the First World War was that it
expressed opposition to war with Germany
“Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it.
“I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . .
“It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . .
“The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain’s dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain’s case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes.”
Which of the following contexts helps to explain the debate in which La Follette was participating in the excerpt?
International conflict led to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world.
“Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it.
“I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . .
“It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . .
“The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain’s dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain’s case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes.”
The point of view in the excerpt best supports which of the following historical arguments about United States involvement in the First World War before 1917 ?
United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality.
Which of the following can best be concluded about United States involvement in the First World War based on the point of view expressed in the excerpt?
Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention.
The trend depicted in the graph (increased immigration) most directly contributed to which of the following developments after 1920 ?
Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe
Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend (increased immigration) depicted in the graph?
The transformation of the United States into an industrial society
Which of the following most directly contributed to the trend in African American migration shown on the graph between 1900 and 1929 ?
An effort to escape violence and limited opportunity in the South
Which of the following contributed most to the trend in African American migration from the South between 1940 and 1949 ?
The availability of industrial employment during the Second World War
Which of the following was the most direct effect of the African American migration shown on the graph between 1900 and 1929 ?
The cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance
The overall trend in African American migration depicted on the graph most directly contributed to the
White resistance to integrated communities in the North
“For Summer Sport. . . .
“Down to the beach again–into the water–out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air.
“Off to the camps again–deep woods–canoes on the lake–roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away.
“Baseball again–and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . .”
Advertisement for radios, published in 1923
The development depicted in the excerpt had most in common with which of the following earlier developments?
expansion of telegraph system during the Gilded Age
“For Summer Sport. . . .
“Down to the beach again–into the water–out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air.
“Off to the camps again–deep woods–canoes on the lake–roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away.
“Baseball again–and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . .”
The excerpt best reflects which of the following changes to United States society compared to previous periods?
The growth of a consumer culture that emphasized leisure time
“For Summer Sport. . . .
“Down to the beach again–into the water–out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air.
“Off to the camps again–deep woods–canoes on the lake–roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away.
“Baseball again–and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . .”
Which of the following best explains a long-term result of the development depicted in the excerpt?
New forms of mass media contributed to the spread of national culture.
Note 
Flashcard (33)