Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections

cartography

mapmaking

primogeniture laws

law in which an entire estate was given to the eldest son

prince henry the navigator

(1394-1460) first european monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions

ferdinand magellan

spanish explorer who circumnavigated the earth

- philippines

trading-post empire

gained power by controlling trade rather than people

galleons

heavily armed spanish ships

northwest passage

a route through/around north america that would lead to east asia

new france

french colony in north america

conquistadores

spanish soldiers (ex. francisco pizarro, hernan cortes)

trans-atlantic slave trade

trade of specifically african slaves that occurred across the atlantic ocean

cash crop

large-scale agriculture used to sell (sale over subsistence)

ex. sugar, tobacco

african diaspora

dispersion of africans out of africa

indentured servitude

signed agreement where someone works for someone else for a period of time (5-7 years) in exchange for passage to the americas

chattel slavery

system in which individuals were considered property to be bought and sold

hispaniola

name given to island (now called haiti/dominican republic) by columbus

encomienda system

system where and encomendero was granted control over a certain number of natives

- used to gain access to gold

hacienda system

natives were forced to work on spanish-owned estates

- most closely related to slavery

mercantilism

economic system in which colonies were only supposed to trade with their mother countries

indian ocean slave trade

slave trade between east africa, northern africa, middle east, and india

commercial revolution

transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver

joint-stock companies

business enterprise based on the sale of shares to multiple owners

east-india company

joint-stock companies developed by britain, dutch, and france for trade with east and southeast asia and india

triangular trade

atlantic trading system; voyages had three segments

syncretism

combining of difference religious beliefs and practices

metacom’s war

aka king philip’s war (1675-1678), the result of english colonists using underhanded tactics to control native lands

maroon wars

1728-1740 and 1795-1796 - enslaved people in the carribean and former spanish territories in the americas fought to gain freedom

harem

residence where a powerful man’s wives and concubines lived

barbary pirates

plied the seas near north africa; captured other europeans in the mediterranean and sold them

casta system

latin american social system based on race and ancestry

castas: people of mixed-race ancestry

peninsulares

top of casta system; born on the iberian peninsula

european nobility

nobles appointed by the king

absolute monarch

power is in complete control of the monarch with no constitutional limits