Valvular Disease, Inflammatory Disease, Shock

Aortic Stenosis

Condition where the aortic valve does not open fully, leading to heart issues.

Common Cause of Vasogenic Shock

Can result from spinal cord injury or severe pain.

Pulmonary Congestion

Fluid accumulation in the lungs, often seen in end-stage aortic stenosis.

Cardiogenic Shock Symptoms

Includes anxiety, cool pale skin, oliguria, and respiratory distress.

Aortic Stenosis

Condition where the aortic valve does not open fully, leading to narrowing due to calcification.

Etiology of Aortic Stenosis

Aging and calcification cause the aortic valve not to open fully.

Pathogenesis of Aortic Stenosis

Narrowing of the aortic valve leads to increased left ventricular pressure.

Manifestations of Aortic Stenosis (Early Stage)

Asymptomatic.

Manifestations of Aortic Stenosis (Late Stage)

Angina, dyspnea, fatigue, exercise intolerance, arrhythmias, clots.

End-stage Aortic Stenosis

Pulmonary congestion and cardiogenic shock.

Compensation in Aortic Stenosis

Increase in left ventricular pressure to force blood through the valve.

Mitral Stenosis

Condition characterized by narrowing of the mitral valve.

Etiology of Mitral Stenosis

Caused by rheumatic fever, aging, and endocarditis.

Pathogenesis of Mitral Stenosis

Calcification of mitral valve leaflets and chordae tendineae.

Manifestations of Mitral Stenosis (Early Stage)

Asymptomatic.

Manifestations of Mitral Stenosis (Late Stage)

Dyspnea, pulmonary congestion, atrial fibrillation, clots.

End-stage Mitral Stenosis

Right-sided heart failure and cardiogenic shock.

Compensation in Mitral Stenosis

Left atrial hypertrophy compensates for impaired emptying.

Infective Endocarditis

An infection of the inner lining of the heart, often leading to systemic inflammation and vegetation on valves.

Causes of Infective Endocarditis

Subacute: defective valves by Streptococcus; Acute: normal valves by Staphylococcus.

Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis (Subacute)

Fatigue, anorexia, cough, dyspnea.

Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis (Acute)

Fever, chills, and drowsiness.

Complications of Infective Endocarditis

Embolization of vegetations can obstruct arteries.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, often resulting in chest pain.

Etiology of Pericarditis

Secondary to surgery, myocardial infarction, or viral infection.

Compensatory Mechanism in Pericarditis

Tachycardia to maintain cardiac output.

Hypovolemic Shock

Shock resulting from significant loss of blood/plasma, such as dehydration.

Cardiogenic Shock

Inability of the heart to pump effectively due to conditions like MI and arrhythmia.

Vasogenic Shock

Shock caused by vasodilation from loss of sympathetic tone, often resulting in blood relocation.