Unit 3: BIO111 SRU

Plant

Diverse, fascinating organisms

Protist

All eukaryotes except land plants, fungi, and animals

Cuticle

waxy layer to resist drying

Sporangia

spore producing structure

Fruit

mature ripened ovary along with seeds and associated structures

Pollen

sperm-producing gametophyte with protective coating

Seeds

reproductive structure with nutritious and hard covering

Homospory

gametophytes can produce both sperm and egg

Heterospory

gametophytes produce separate sperm and egg

Microsporangia

makes sperm

Megasporangia

makes eggs

Ulvophyceae

marine; alternation of generations only in multicellular species; Important primary producers in freshwater environments and in coastal areas of ocean

Charophyceae

freshwater; eggs are retained on the parent and nourished after fertilization

Hepaticophyta

Liverworts; some have liver-shaped leaves; many have pores similar to stomata; thought to resemble first land plants; their decaying tissues contribute to initial stages of soil formation

Bryophyta

Mosses; some able to withstand extreme drying; a sporophyte can produce 50 million spores; partially decayed mosses from large patches of peat; which is used as fuel for cooking

Lycophytes

Club mosses

Non-Vascular plants

no vascular tissue; use spores for reproduction and dispersal

Stomata (stoma)

openings that allow gas exchange because the cuticle is impervious to gases

Carboniferous period

most fossils from seedless vascular plants

Zygnematophyceae

the closest living relative to land plants

Mitosis

cell division

Meiosis

reduction division

Haploid

1 copy of each chromosome

Diploid

2 copies of each chromosome

Sporophyte

produces haploid spores(meiosis)

Spores

germinate and develop into multicellular haploid gametophyte (mitosis)

Gametophytes

produce haploid gametes (mitosis)

Angiosperms

flowering plants; flowers have stamen containing anthers (microsporangia develop); carpel containing ovary (megasporangia develop)

Green plants

Green algae and land plants; also known as viridiplantae

Microsporangia

develop into sperm producing gametophytes

Megasporangia

develop egg producing gametophytes

Antheridia

sperm-producing

Archegonia

egg-producing

Monocots

monophyletic grouping of flowering plants with parallel veins; petals in multiples of 3; vascular tissue throughout; and one cotyledon; contains grasses

Eudicots

“true dicots”; monophyletic grouping of flowering plants with branching veins; petals in multiples of 4 or 5; vascular tissue on the edges; and two cotyledons; contains roses

Mitosis

one cell splits and produces two genetically identical daughter cells

Hyphae

long narrow filament of mycelium; pores allow materials to flow between compartments

Septa

division of filaments into cells (fungi)

Coenocytic

fungi that lack septa

Mutualistic relationship

relationship that benefits both species

Parasitic relationship

one species benefits at the expense of the other

Commensal relationship

benefits one species while the other is unaffected

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

fungi that live in close association with plant roots

Zygosporangia

distinctive spore-producing structures of Zygomycetes

Basidia

“club fungi” specialized club-like cells at the end of the hyphae

Primary production

supports virtually all other life on earth

Sporophyte

part of the plant that produces haploid spores through meiosis and has 2 sets of chromosomes

Spores

reproductive structure coated in sporopollenin (land plants)

Gametophytes

Plants that produce haploid gametes through mitosis and have 1 set of chromosomes

Pollen Grain

tiny sperm-producing gametophyte with protective coating

Seed

portable embryo with nutrients surrounded by a tough coat; allows for dispersal

Homospory

production of a single type of spore resulting in a gametophyte that can produce both sperm and eggs

Heterospory

production of two types of spores producing structures resulting in gametophytes that produce eggs and sperm separately

Zygote

a fused egg and sperm

Triploid

product of one sperm fusing with two nuclei off egg producing gametophytes; 3 copies of a chromosomes; in angiosperms this process leads to the endosperm

Microspores

sperm cells

Megaspores

egg cells

Fungi

Eukaryotes; grow as unicellular or multicellular; important decomposers; share mutualistic relationships with plants

Yeast; Unicellular fungi

Mycelia

Multicellular fungi

Saprophytic Fungi

Responsible for losses due to food spoilage; includes molds rusts wilts and blights

Zygosporangia

spore producing structures formed when hyphae are yoked (zygomycete)

Basidia

club-shaped cells where meiosis occurs; forms 4 spores (basidiomycetes)

Asci

sac-like cells where meiosis and one round of mitosis occur; forms 8 spores (ascomycetes)

Hyphae

long narrow filaments of mycelium

Septa

what divide filaments into cells; cross walls

Coenocytic

fungi that lack septa

Mycorrhizal fungi

fungi that live in close association with plant roots

Mycorrhiza

symbiosis between a fungus and plant