Dr. Lehrer Bio 2 Exam 4

Chap 52 and 53

ecology

the scientific study of the interrelationships or organisms with their living biotic and nonliving abiotic environments.

true or false: ecological systems are hierarchical

true

environmentalism

the use of ecological knowledge, along with economics, ethics, etc., to inform both personal decision and public policy related to stewardship of the natural world

The physical environment is determined by ____, not ____

Climate; Weather

What is the ultimate factor that drives global climate patterns?

Solar Radiation

Greenhouse gases keep the earth ____

warmer

Which latitude gets the least spread of solar radiation with a perpendicular angle?

equator, 0 degrees

At an oblique angle, is there more or less absorbtion?

More absorption, less reaches the surface. This gives colder temps. AKA the poles

Equator

less radiation is lost to the atmosphere, solar energy is spread over a smaller area, and there are lots of forests, meaning a lot of energy absorption

Near the Poles

solar energy is lost to the atmosphere, spread over a larger oblique area. This will have lots of snow, meaning more energy radiation.

latitude and temp are ______ proportional

inversely

What angle is earth tilted

23.5 degrees

March equinox

the sun is directly over the equator, spring in the northern hemisphere

june solstice

summer in the northern hemisphere

september equinox

the sun back over the equator, fall in the north hemisphere

december soltice

winter in the northern hemisphere

Would a higher or lower latitude have less sunlight in the winter?

Higher, 80 degrees north for example

Is the pressure low or high at the equator

low

Is high-pressure dryer or more moist conditions?

dry. High pressure is dry in all seasons. This would be the 30 degree latitudes

what is the degree increment for low and high pressure?

30 degrees - the low and high pressure will change every 30.

Where is there the most precipitation across the globe?

the equator

where are subtropical deserts formed?

30 degrees north and south

Hadley Cell

Air circulation between equator and 30 degrees north and south

Polar Cell

Air circulation between 60 and 90 degrees latitude.

• air rises and drops moisture at 60 degrees south and north

• Cold and dry air moves toward the poles, 90 degrees north and south

• air then moves back to 60 N and S

this repeats

Ferrel Cell

Between 30 and 60 degrees, air currents lack any distinct pattern. Meets the falling arm of the Hadley cell, and the upward arm of the polar cell.

• helps redistribute warm air of tropics and cold air of polar regions to middle latitudes

Is rotation faster or slower at the equator?

faster

What it it called when the rotation of the earth causes a deflection of air?

The Coriolis effect

What are prevailing winds?

Deflected air circulation and rotation create dominant wind directions in specific regions

westerlies point ______, and easterlies point ______

west/left; east/right

What is a gyre?

an ocean current that moves in a circular pattern

what direction do gyres move in the northern hemisphere?

clockwise

what direction do gyres move in the Southern hemisphere?

counterclockwise

what creates gyres?

dominant wind direction and the Coriolis effect

what are gyres important for?

ocean circulation and climate regulation, they distribute heat and nutrients

Global climate patterns are regionally and locally modified by what?

1. earths shape and surface features

2. vegetation

3. human activity

Where does the rain shadow effect occur?

mountain ranges near oceans

What is the start and end product of the rain shadow effect?

Start: warm air and wet climate

end: warm and dry climate

what is upwelling?

warm surface water gets pushed away from the coast, usually depleted of nutrients. it gets replaced with deeper and colder water the is very nutrient rich

true or false: prevailing runs on an upwelling example run parallel to the coast

true

where does upwelling occur?

west coast of continents, prevailing wins move water away from the coastline

Which color reflects more light?

Light colors reflect more then dark. Dark absorbs

would something that absorbs a lot of light have a low or high albedo?

low. More solar radiation would be less absorption and a higher albedo. Something like asphalt has a very low albedo while snow has a very high albedo.

Deforestation leads to:

higher local temp and lower precip

what does removing trees do to albedo?

because trees absorb energy, removing them increases albedo

true or false: rural is hotter then city

false. cities are hotter because concrete, asphalt, and more will abrob heat. Heat is even radiating in the evening. Cities also produce more heat because of fossil fuels

What determines terrestrial biomes?

global temp and precip patterns

what is a biome?

grouping of ecologically similar organisms shaped by the environment in which they are found

What classifies a terrestrial biome?

dominant plants. They are immoble so they must adapt to their environment

What is vicariance?

when species are seperated by physical barriers

Continental scale areas are known as _______

biogeographic regions

What are the non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that explain higher diversity towards the tropics?

1. speciation rates are higher then extinction rates in the tropics

2. tropics had more time to diversify

3. higher productivity because there are more resources and less competition

Theory of Island Biogeography

species diversity in an island reflects the balance between rates of colonization and extinction

equilibrium number of species

rate of immigration and colonization balances the rate of extinction

Smaller islands have ____ diversity due to ___ extinction rates

less, higher

more distant islands have ____ diversity due to ____ rates of colonization

less and lower

what are human induced changes?

agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization

What are metapopulations?

groups of populations connected by dispersal (immigration/emigration)

What is an endemic species?

A species that is restricted to only certain locations

What is intraspecific competition

competition for resources by individuals of the same species

What is interspecific interaction?

competition over resources, predation, herbivory, etc.

What are there three types of dispersal?

Active - movement is controlled by the individual

Passive - movement is controlled by the physical environment

Active Agent - birds dispersing seed-laden fruit

Migrations are a type of dispersal that occur in response to:

Seasonal variation in resources. Involves round trip movement

What is a full census?

A count of every single individual in a population.

What is population density?

direct count of a subset of individuals in the population within a certain area. Extrapolate to estimate the total population size

Line-transect survey

sample along a defined line within a population’s range - ideal for sessile organisms

Mark-recapture survey

capture, mark, and release individuals in a population. repeat this after some time with another subset to estimate total population size in the sampling area.

Area-based survey

sample within defined areas, ideal for sessile organisms

What is an indirect count?

Indirect count is a subset of individuals in the population using footprints, fur, feces, etc.

What is the symbol for per capita growth rate?

r

r>0

more births then deaths, N increases

r<0

more deaths than births, N decreases

r=0

no change in N

What is the shape of logistic population growth?

S-shaped curve

What is it called when population levels off?

carrying capacity

N_0 is population size at time ____

zero

As long as N_0<K, the population can grow and resources are ________

not limited

When N_0 reaches K, there is no growth, resources _____ _____

are limited

Density dependent population growth:

• limiting resources, there is more intraspecific competition as the population grows

• predation, higher densities of prey attract more predators

• pathogens spread faster with a higher population density

Density-Independent population growth:

Extreme weather events, can depress growth and keep populations below their carrying capacity

What is the allele effect?

when higher densities are better. Some populations grow better when population densities are high, better survival as part of a group

Type 1 survivorship curve

high overall survivorship through adulthood, steep decline with age - applies to large mammals

type 2 survivorship curve

constant risk of mortality at all ages, just looks like a - linear slope - this applies to birds fish and plant

type 3 survivorship curve

most die young

What is resource allocation?

resource allocation is the product of genetic and environmental factors

What is semelparity

reproduction only once and then death. Lots of small seeds and a shorter lifespan. Probability of dying remains high when adulthood is reached

What is Iteroparity?

Reproduction multiple times, fewer seeds overall but lives longer. Applies to organisms with long lifespans

If something has a longer lifespan, which type survivorship curve is it associated with?

Type 1

if something has a shorter lifespan, what survivorship curve is it associated with?

Type 3 curve

What is an example of population dynamics? (and or biological control)

Emerald Ash Borer was introduced to parasitoid wasps that attack and kill EAB.