Final Prep POLS 101

Anarchism

Ideology that rejects all forms of hierarchy, particularly in terms of any form of non voluntary government, replace state with cooperative societies

Centrism

A pragmatic mix of specific, often incremental policies from both Left and Right

Christian Democracy

Promote traditional religious values, possibly with support for policies to help the poor, emerged in Europe

Communism

Pushed for complete state control over the entire economy in the name of the working class

Economic Conservatism

Secular conservative movements advocate free markets and reduced government

Fascism

Control of state by strong leader emphasizing nationalism, uses highly xenophobic rhetoric and violence against targeted out-groups

Green Party

Movements on the left placing a greater weight on social justice movements, rather than strictly questions of economic redistribution, particularly emphasizing environmental issues, feminism, and opposition to nuclear weapons

Liberal Reformism

Emphasize regulation and some redistributional policies rather than large government programs and a mixed economy

Libertarianism

Variant of economic conservatism pushing for a more extensive reduction in the size of government

National Conservatism

Movements and parties that position themselves as defenders of the nation-state against the forces of globalization and social liberalism

Social Conservatism

Protestant evangelical movements advocating traditional social values regarding the family, religion, and sexual norms

Socialism/Social Democracy

Pushes for a series of generous social programs and state control of critical sectors such as healthcare

Adversarial Legal Systems

Prosecutors and defense attorneys taking opposite sides before a neutral judge

Case Law

Developed out of traditional English common law and allows courts wide leeway to interpret legal codes, laws evolve over time

Code Law

Developed from Roman legal traditions and rely on more detailed legislation and regulations, less subject to independent court interpretation

Community Standards

Local norms taken into account when applying law

Customary Law

When traditional local customs and practices are the predominant source of law

Double Jeopardy

If in the initial trial or at any level of appeal the defendant is found not guilty, then the defendant cannot be tried again for the same crime

Inquisitorial Legal Systems

Judges are expected to actively participate in trying to determine the facts, rather than being “neutral

Ottoman Civil Codes

Law mixed with more secular legal traditions, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa

Sharia Law

System guided by sacred religious texts that incorporate Islamic Principles

Stare Decisis

Interpretations of law provide legal precedence for future cases

Bill of Rights

Ten Amendments added to the Constitution by James Madison in 1789 that guarantee fundamental rights

Birthright Citizenship

Gives naturalized citizenship to all individuals born on American soil

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court case that reversed previous Plessy precedence and banned the segregation of public schools

Caste System

Ancient Hindu system creating a rigid system of assigning social roles and status based on the family’s individuals are born into, justified religiously

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Re-established a ban on the legal segregation of public facilities as well as prohibiting employment discrimination

Dalits

“Untouchables” outside of caste system who are assigned what are considered the least desirable, menial tasks

Fourteenth Amendment

Gave equal protection under the law to all natural born citizens, gives the right to due process

Isabel Wilkerson

Argues that the issue of US Civil Rights is better thought of one of caste more than race

Jim Crowe Laws

Established legal segregation in the South

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court ruling that explicitly allowed supposedly “separate but equal” public facilities

Reconstruction Laws

Amendments guaranteeing the rights of citizens added to the Constitution after the Civil War