A&P Midterm Review

Appendicular

limbs

Distal

further than attachment point

Dorsal

back

Homeostasis

the act of trying to balance certain things within the body

Macromolecule

biiig boi molecule

Mediastinum

space between the lungs

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Organelle

part of cell

Physiology

The study of body function

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Sagittal

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Acid

compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution& pH < 7

Amino acid

Building blocks of protein

Atom

Basic unit of matter

atomic number

number of protons

Base

pH \> 7; releases (OH)

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

chemical bond

the force that holds atoms together

Chemical Formula

group of letters and numbers to represent a molecule

Ion

A charged atom

lipid

Energy

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Nucleic acid

macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

pH

hydrogen ion concentration

Protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

Structural formula

a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.

Superior

Higher on the body

Umbilical Reigon

belly button area

ventral

belly side

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

cell cycle

events that happen over the course of the cell's life

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane

Cleavage furrow

The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Flaggelum

basically a tail for bacteria, used for movement

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Mitosis

cell division

osmosis

diffusion of water through a membrane

active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

Aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

codon

three

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Replication

Replicating DNA

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme

Trasnscription

Copying a piece of DNA code into RNA to be transported

translation

Producing proteins from mRNA

Adipose

fat tissue

Cartilage

A tissue that is stable but more flexible than bone.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Macrophages

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

Neuron

transmit information to the brain

Osteocyte

bone cell

Squamous

flat

striation

stripes on cells

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

adduction

movement toward the midline

abduction

movement away from the midline

Axis

center midline of the body

ball and socket

hip and shoulder

Central canal

contains blood vessels and nerves in the spine

Circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

Diaphysis

shaft of bone

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Ephisysis

End of a long bone

Hinge

elbow and knee

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

Lateral malleolus

process forming the outer ankle

ossification

process of bone formation

osteoclast

cell that breaks down bone for reforming

periosteum

Double

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

Billirubin

pigment release in bile by liver, produced from hemoglobin destruction

blood types

classified according to the presence, or absence, of certain antigens

Coagulation

blood clotting

Erythrocyte

red blood cell

Fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

leukocyte

white blood cell

Monocytes

agranular WBC that can transform into a macrophage.

plasma

Liquid part of blood

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Aorta

Largest artery in the body, branching above the heart

Artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Atrium

upper chamber of the heart

capillary

smallest blood vessels

carotid artery

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.

chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Femoral artery

the major artery supplying the leg

jugular vein

Vein that carries blood from the head to the superior vena cava

mitrial valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Popliteal artery

behind the knee

radial artery

The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.

septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

Subclavian artery

either of the arteries that carry blood into the arms

Systole

Contraction of the heart