Exam 3- Mirza

What is a vaccine? Their Purpose?

a suspension of attenuated or inactivated microorganisms or their fractions

• purpose: to establish immunity against a particular pathogen

What are toxoid vaccines?

• EXAM QUESTION

vaccines that consist of EXOTOXINS that have been inactivated (by heat/chemicals)

Does a toxoid vaccine build immunity against the toxins or bacteria that produces the toxins?

just against the toxins NOT the bacteria

What is an example of an RNA vaccine?

• EXAM QUESTION

Covid19

What are the advantages of RNA vaccines?

• shorter manufacturing

• no risk of disease

Is the effect of the mRNA vaccine rapid or long acting?

• exam question

rapid

What is an example of a preservative used in vaccines?

• EXAM QUESTION

Thimerosal

What are adjuvants as an excipient?

chemical substances that enhance the immune response to the vaccine

What are 2 examples of adjuvants used in vaccines?

• aluminum gels/salts (“alum”)

• monophosphoryl lipid A

Why would I use alum as an excipient?

• EXAM QUESTION

Whenever alum/vaccine complex is injected, slowly releases the drug, and enhances immune response

The monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant is used in what vaccine?

HPV

Are vaccines and autism linked?

• EXAM QUESTION

NOOOOOO!!!!!!! NO PROOF!!!!!!!!!!

What are attenuated vaccines?

vaccines that contain LIVE, but weakened viruses or bacteria

3 Disadvantages of attenuated vaccines:

1. can cause disease

2. cannot be given to ppl with weak immune systems

3. do not attempt pregnancy until 4 weeks after getting shot

What is genetic engineering?

What 2 techniques are used?

Which technique uses nonhuman cells and which uses human and higher animal cells?

genetic engineering is a process of direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotech

• 2 techniques:

  • Recombinant DNA- nonhuman cells

  • monoclonal antibodies- human and higher animals

What is a major advantage of monoclonal antibodies?

drugs can be designed to target a specific antigen

What are the potential benefits of NDDS?

• EXAM QUESTION…”Which of the following is not…”

• optimization of the duration of drug action

• decreasing dosage frequency

• site-specific release

• maintaining constant drug levels

• improved patient compliance and outcomes

• reduce ADRs

• lower cost of tx

• allows pts. to receive meds outpatient

• reduce overall medicinal resources

What are the advantages of mucoadhesive systems?

• EXAM QUESTION

• allow administration of meds which cannot be administered orally due to…

  • ACID DEGREDATION

  • 1st PASS METABOLISM

  • absorption negatively affected by food

For Ophthalmics a significant problem is the loss of administered drug. Formulations that do what are beneficial?

• EXAM QUESTION

formulations that increase the contact time between the medication and the corneal surface are beneficial

Intravaginal DDS allow for _____________ drug administration at an effective dose level.

continuous

What is the difference between a micelle and liposome?

• EXAM QUESTION

Micelle- single layer of phospholipids

Liposome- Lipid bilayer of phospholipids, artifically prepared, can be filled with drugs

By using liposomes we can reduce what?

toxic side effects

What is the main disadvantage of liposomes?

• possible exam q

opsonization

What is opsonization?

• EXAM QUESTION

the process by which a foreign organism or particle becomes covered with opsonin proteins to make it more visible to phagocytic cells

What is a stealth liposome? What are the advantages?

• possible exam q

• a PEG coated liposome

• advantages- longer half life and NO opsonization

Phenytoin should NOT be used with _____________.

• EXAM QUESTION

Dextrose

How do you prevent in vivo drug precipitation?

• EXAM QUESTION

infuse the drug at a slow rate

What drugs require SALINE ONLY for a diluent?

• ampicillin

• daptomycin

• phenytoin

What drugs require DEXTROSE ONLY for a diluent?

• amphotericin B

• Bactrim

• Oxaliplatin

What are the effects of antacids on drug absorption of tetracycline?

• EXAM Q (T/F)

reduces the activity of tetracycline

True or False: Un-ionized drugs are reabsorbed from urine.

True

True or False: Acidic drugs are reabsorbed from basic pH and vice versa.

• exam q

False- Acidic drugs are reabsorbed from acidic pH and vice versa.

Chelators are beneficial in the tx of what type of poisoning?

• exam q

heavy metals

ALL ______________ form stable chelates and SHOULD NOT be taken with what liquid?

• exam q

All tetracyclines form stable chelates and SHOULD NOT be taken with MILK!!!

What is leaching?

• exam q

plasticizers leaking into formulation

Dextrose and propylene glycol have what type of interaction?

• exam q

precipitates

Why would I use formaldehyde in my formulation?

inactivator and detoxifier