Biology 2201 Unit 2
Debate between spontaneous generation and biogenesis
Redi
performed the first biological experement
jars open with meat and jars closed with meat
the open jars had maggots and flies while the closed jars had nothing
believed in biogenesis (maggots and flies came from fly eggs)
Louis Pasteur
designed an s-shaped flask and boiled the meat broth in the flask. The micro organisms got caught in the “S”, therefore, the broth remained clear
Debate is over, life comes from life, these experiments have caused a paradigm shift, changing the way we think.
Cell theory
The cell theory is one of the basic principles of biology
all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
cells are the most basic units of structure and function in all organisms
all cells are derived from pre-existing cells
in a multicellular organism, the activity of the organism depends upon the total activity of its independant cells
The development of microscopy contributed to the cell theory by allowing people to see cells more in depth, which lead to a further understanding and study of the cells
Chemical reactions are always occuring in our cells, ex. our cells are currently breaking down macromolecules to create energy for our body
Wet mount
A wet mount is created by getting an empty slide, removing the film and adding a small drop of water to the slide. You then get the object you will be looking at under the microscope and place it where the water is and push down to secure it. Then you get the top slide and hold it at a 45 degree angle before placing it on top of the other slide to prevent air bubbles.
Differences between plant and animal cells
Membranes and features that plant cells have that animal cells do not:
box shape
cell wall
large central vacoule rather than small vacoules
chloroplast
Organelles work together in a cell to carry out life functions
Living systems depend on chemical reactions and energy changes that occur in cells
Microscopes
parts:
ocular lens (eye piece)
body tube
arm
objective lens
stage
course adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob
base
light source
diaphragm
condenser lens
stage clips
revolving nose piece
Macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid (not covered in this unit)
Macromolecules are polymers- long molecules formed by linking together many smaller, similar chemical subunits, monomers
Carbohydrates
Function: provide short term or long term energy for organisms
Types
monosaccharides, glucose
polysaccharides, starch, cellulose, glycogen
disaccharides, sucrose
larger polysaccharides are used mostly for energy storage (starch and glycogen)
Monomer: glucose
Lipids
function: energy storage - long term energy source for body cells, insulation and protection for cells, makes up structure of cell membranes
types
phospholipid: composes the cell membrane of animal cells
cholesterol: found in the cell membrane of animals, which strengthen and protect membrane
steriods: such as testosterone or estrogen, regulates sexual function
wax: such as cutin creates a waterproof barrier for leaves and plants
Monomer: fatty acid and glycerol
most lipids consist of 3 chains of fatty acids all connected to a glycerol molecule
the glycerol “head” is hydrophilic
the fatty acid “tails” are hydrophobic
Proteins
function: can be used as an energy source (only in emergencies), act as enzymes to facilitate chemical reactions, act as hormones- made of units called amino acids , needed for blood clotting, create hair, skin and nails, creates muscle structure, provides oxygen to blood cells
monomer: amino acid
Amino acids: to create protein you need 20 amino acids, 12 are produced from the body, 8 are needed from food
Other important compounds
water
glucose
ATP
Water
function: photosynthesis, transporting molecules in animals, tugor pressure in plants (the force in the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall) cooling effects on the body
Glucose
function: needed for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
needed for red blood cells and the brain
ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate)
function: main energy source in animal cells, needed for aerobic respiration
currency that our cells need for energy
Aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2+ H2O + ATP
Fluid in the human body
there are 3 main fluid compartments of your body:
cytoplasm
fluid between cells
fluid in your blood
Debate between spontaneous generation and biogenesis
Redi
performed the first biological experement
jars open with meat and jars closed with meat
the open jars had maggots and flies while the closed jars had nothing
believed in biogenesis (maggots and flies came from fly eggs)
Louis Pasteur
designed an s-shaped flask and boiled the meat broth in the flask. The micro organisms got caught in the “S”, therefore, the broth remained clear
Debate is over, life comes from life, these experiments have caused a paradigm shift, changing the way we think.
Cell theory
The cell theory is one of the basic principles of biology
all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
cells are the most basic units of structure and function in all organisms
all cells are derived from pre-existing cells
in a multicellular organism, the activity of the organism depends upon the total activity of its independant cells
The development of microscopy contributed to the cell theory by allowing people to see cells more in depth, which lead to a further understanding and study of the cells
Chemical reactions are always occuring in our cells, ex. our cells are currently breaking down macromolecules to create energy for our body
Wet mount
A wet mount is created by getting an empty slide, removing the film and adding a small drop of water to the slide. You then get the object you will be looking at under the microscope and place it where the water is and push down to secure it. Then you get the top slide and hold it at a 45 degree angle before placing it on top of the other slide to prevent air bubbles.
Differences between plant and animal cells
Membranes and features that plant cells have that animal cells do not:
box shape
cell wall
large central vacoule rather than small vacoules
chloroplast
Organelles work together in a cell to carry out life functions
Living systems depend on chemical reactions and energy changes that occur in cells
Microscopes
parts:
ocular lens (eye piece)
body tube
arm
objective lens
stage
course adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob
base
light source
diaphragm
condenser lens
stage clips
revolving nose piece
Macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid (not covered in this unit)
Macromolecules are polymers- long molecules formed by linking together many smaller, similar chemical subunits, monomers
Carbohydrates
Function: provide short term or long term energy for organisms
Types
monosaccharides, glucose
polysaccharides, starch, cellulose, glycogen
disaccharides, sucrose
larger polysaccharides are used mostly for energy storage (starch and glycogen)
Monomer: glucose
Lipids
function: energy storage - long term energy source for body cells, insulation and protection for cells, makes up structure of cell membranes
types
phospholipid: composes the cell membrane of animal cells
cholesterol: found in the cell membrane of animals, which strengthen and protect membrane
steriods: such as testosterone or estrogen, regulates sexual function
wax: such as cutin creates a waterproof barrier for leaves and plants
Monomer: fatty acid and glycerol
most lipids consist of 3 chains of fatty acids all connected to a glycerol molecule
the glycerol “head” is hydrophilic
the fatty acid “tails” are hydrophobic
Proteins
function: can be used as an energy source (only in emergencies), act as enzymes to facilitate chemical reactions, act as hormones- made of units called amino acids , needed for blood clotting, create hair, skin and nails, creates muscle structure, provides oxygen to blood cells
monomer: amino acid
Amino acids: to create protein you need 20 amino acids, 12 are produced from the body, 8 are needed from food
Other important compounds
water
glucose
ATP
Water
function: photosynthesis, transporting molecules in animals, tugor pressure in plants (the force in the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall) cooling effects on the body
Glucose
function: needed for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
needed for red blood cells and the brain
ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate)
function: main energy source in animal cells, needed for aerobic respiration
currency that our cells need for energy
Aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2+ H2O + ATP
Fluid in the human body
there are 3 main fluid compartments of your body:
cytoplasm
fluid between cells
fluid in your blood