AP U.S. History - Period 7 Key Terms

Progressive Movement

an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

Social Gospel Movement

a 19th century religious movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

17th Amendment

1913, provides for the direct election of US senators by the people rather than by state legislatures.

Prohibition

the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages.

The 18th amendment made prohibition the law. The 21st amendment ended prohibition.

Muckrakers

journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s.

Jacob Riis

wrote "How the Other Half Lives" that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who lived in the tenement housing.

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization founded in 1890 to gain voting rights for women.

19th Amendment

1920, granted women's suffrage

Secret Ballot

Allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for.

Direct primary

Voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office

"Trustbuster"

Teddy Roosevelt broke up many monopolies and trusts.

"Square Deal"

Teddy Roosevelt's progressive plan; involved trust-busting and conservation projects.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

A law that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

Pure Food and Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act

-Halted the sale of contaminated food and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling.

-established strict cleanliness requirements for meat-packers and created a federal meat-inspection program.

William Howard Taft

Elected President in 1908; supported safety standards for mines and railroads; supported 16th amendment; disappointed progressives in the areas of tariffs and conservation.

Booker T. Washington

founded the Tuskegee Institute to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in the trades and agriculture.

W.E.B. DuBois

Co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality for minority citizens.

National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

An organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality.

Populist party platform (1892)

• unlimited coinage of silver to raise farm prices

• single term limit for presidents

• direct elections of senators

• shorter work days

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic nominee for president in 1896 and 1900, supported by Populists

Temperance

movement that promoted restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol

Ida Tarbell

muckraker that wrote "History of the Standard Oil Company" to show how Rockefeller's power was based on unfair business practices

Ida B. Wells

co-founded NAACP, leading voice in social reform for African-Americans, spoke out against lynching

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Political Machines/Bosses

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Tammany Hall/Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

National Women's Party

a political party headed by Alice Paul that wanted a female suffrage amendment

16th Amendment

Created Federal Income Tax

Woodrow Wilson

Democrat. Winner of 1912 election.

Mueller v. Oregon

A Supreme Court case decided in 1908 that pertained to the working hours of women. The court ruled in favor of Oregon, that these restrictions were legal under the state laws to protect women's health.

Northern Securities v. US

Teddy Roosevelt used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up one of JP Morgans railroad monopolies.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Upton Sinclair

Author of "The Jungle" that lead to the passing of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.

Conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Sierra Club

American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature. Done during Teddy Roosevelt's presidency. Apart of his "Square Deal" in targeting conservation.

graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Progressive Reforms

Expanded the role of the federal government in promoting social change

Make the government more active in social and political affairs caused by the Gilded Age.

Progressive's Goal

Neutrality

original U.S. position toward WWI

Zimmerman Telegram

decoded message from German diplomat to Mexico offering U.S. territory (Texas) if Mexico fought the U.S. in WWI.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Rejected President Wilson's 14 points and was the main driving force behind the U.S. not approving the Treaty of Versailles

Espionage and Sedition Act

Congress made it illegal to speak out against the government's war efforts, incite disloyalty or persuade men from avoiding the draft, and outlawed disloyal or profane language directed against the constitution, military uniforms & flag

Reparations

war payments made by a losing country after war

Propoganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

4 Main Causes of WWI

Militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Lusitania

British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.

U-boat

German submarine - u boat is short of the German word, Unterseeboot (Under Sea Boat)

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the day on which the Great Crash of the stock market began

Great Crash

the collapse of the American stock market in 1929

Great Depression

the most severe economic downturn in the nation's history, which lasted from 1929-1941

Hooverville

term used to describe a makeshift homeless shelter during the early years of the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

term used to describe the central and southern Great Plains in the 1930s when the region sustained a period of drought and dust storms

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Charged a high tax for imports in 1930, thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Corporation set up by President Hoover in 1932 to give government credit to a number of institutions such as large industries, railroads, and insurance companies

New Deal

term used to describe President Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery, and reform programs designed to combat the Great Depression

Hundred Days of Reform

Period at the start of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency in 1933, when many New Deal programs were passed by Congress

Public Works Program

government funded projects to build public facilities

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

established by Congress in 1933, this program put more than 2.5 million young men to work restoring and maintaining forest, beaches, and parks

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

Established in 1933 to raise farm prices through government financial assistance

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Federal project to provide inexpensive electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the Tennessee River valley

Social Security System

a system established by the 1935 Social Security Act to provide financial security, in the form of regular payments, to people who cannot support themselves

Recession

a period of slow business activity

National debt

total amount of money that the federal government borrows and has to pay back

speculation

the practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of getting huge returns

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures

Neutrality Act

law that kept the US out of WW2

Lend Lease Act

law that said the US can give or sell arms to other nations for the protection of the US from those countries

Fascism

form of government that glorifies the state over the individual; demands a strong central government

Totalitarian State

a government that controls all aspects of the people

Adolf Hitler

fascist chancellor of Germany; started the rise of the Nazi Party; broke the Versailles Treaty and pretty much started WW2

Nazi

Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party; party those rose to power in Germany; led by Adolf Hitler

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

German Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

deal between Russia and Germany that split Poland in half; Germany takes west and Russia takes east

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war"; tactic to go in with as much force as you can (airforce and tanks)

Pearl Harbor

Japan's bombing of the US Pacific Ocean naval base; hit us hardcore; December 7th, 1941

Ration cards

these limited what a person could buy; this ensured that there were enough resources for the war

Victory gardens

gardens that people would grow because of the ration cards; if there was a surplus of food, they would donate the extra to the war effort

Navajo "Code Talkers"

these people would talk in the Navajo language since it was not a written language; this was useful as the Axis Powers could not translate the code

Tuskegee Air Men

group of all black fighter pilots; their job was to protect big bombers; flew over 200 missions and never lost a bomber; Eleanor Roosevelt convinced her husband to put them into combat

Executive Order 9066

order given by FDR that made all Japanese people live in internment camps

internment camps

camps in the US designed to hold people of Japanese descent

D-Day

battle on the beaches of Normandy; June 6th, 1944; largest amphibious invasion in the history of the world; also known as Operation Overlord

General Eisenhower

man who planned the D-Day invsion; hand delivered several thousand letters that he personally addressed that explained to the soldiers exactly their jobs for the invasion

Battle of the Bulge

Hitler's last offensive battle; over 10,000 US troops surrendered; Patton drove over 102 miles in 2 days to help support Allied lines; Russia eventually came in and helped

Yalta Conference

2nd conference of the Big 3; they decided what to do with Germany after the war; Churchill and FDR wanted to work with Germany; Stalin=burn/crush Germany; Stalin demanded a buffer between Germany and Russia, aka Poland

Pottsdam Conference

last conference of the Big 3; Prime Minister Clement, President Truman, and Stalin; debated about what to do with Germany; Truman told Stalin about the nuclear bomb

VE Day

May 8th, 1945; Victory in Europe Day; millions of Jews move to Israel and make it a country

Nuremberg Trials

event where the Nazis (mostly concentration camp workers) were put on trial for crimes against humanity; these went on for over a year; several Nazis were executed, some committed suicide, and some escaped to Argentina

Douglas MacArthur

US commander of the Pacific; "We are not retreating - we are advancing in another direction" (what a lame coverup)