Honors Biology Unit 6 Flashcards (Meiosis, Genetics, Reproduction)

Flashcards covering key concepts in Meiosis, Genetics, and Reproduction.

DNA

Molecule that carries genetic information.

Chromosome

Condensed DNA wrapped around proteins.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.

Centromere

Region where sister chromatids are attached.

Telomere

Protective ends of chromosomes preventing DNA loss.

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pair with same genes, one from each parent.

Allele

Different version of a gene.

Diploid (2n)

Cell with two sets of chromosomes.

Haploid (n)

Cell with one set of chromosomes.

Somatic Cells

Body cells; diploid.

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm/egg); haploid.

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes (pairs 1–22).

Sex Chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes determining biological sex.

Karyotype

Organized display of chromosomes used to detect abnormalities.

Nondisjunction

Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.

Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21 caused by nondisjunction.

Turner Syndrome

XO (missing X chromosome).

Klinefelter Syndrome

XXY chromosome condition.

Synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes in Prophase I.

Tetrad

Group of four chromatids formed during synapsis.

Crossing Over

Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes.

Independent Assortment

Random separation of chromosome pairs during meiosis.

Spermatogenesis

Production of sperm cells.

Oogenesis

Production of egg cells.

Mitosis

Process producing 2 identical diploid cells.

Meiosis

Process producing 4 genetically different haploid cells.

Testes

Produce sperm and testosterone.

Epididymis

Sperm maturation and storage.

Fallopian Tubes

Site of fertilization.

Endometrium

Uterine lining.

Gene

Segment of DNA controlling a trait.

Genotype

Genetic makeup.

Phenotype

Observable trait.

Homozygous

Two identical alleles.

Heterozygous

Two different alleles.

Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during gamete formation.

Punnett Square

Diagram used to predict genetic outcome.

Incomplete Dominance

Blended phenotype.

Codominance

Both alleles expressed equally.

Multiple Alleles

More than two allele forms exist.

Epistasis

One gene masks another gene.

Blood Types

Classifications of blood based on antigens.

Pedigree

Diagram showing inheritance in families.