Deviance
The recognized violation of cultural norms
Crime
The violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
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Deviance
The recognized violation of cultural norms
Crime
The violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
Social control
Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviour
Criminal Justice System
Biological context of deviance - Cesare Lombroso
Biological context of deviance - William Sheldon
Biological context of deviance - Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
Biological context of deviance - today's reseach
Personality factors of deviance
Today's research suggests that kids with low levels of self-control, frustration tolerance, and delay of gratification are more likely to get into trouble/criminal activity
Social foundations of deviance
Structural-functional analysis of deviance (Durkheim)
Merton's strain theory
Conformity
Innovation
Using unconventional means (street crime) rather than conventional means (job) to achieve a culturally approved goal (wealth)
Ritualism
People may not care much about the goal but stick to means/conventional means so they feel respectable
Retreatism
Rebellion
Reject both cultural goals and conventional means, AND form a counterculture against them
Deviant subcultures
Conflict subcultures
-Form when there is no opportunity
Retreatist subcultures
Albert Cohen
Characteristics of deviant subcultures
Elijah Anderson
Labelling Theory
Primary deviance
Norm violations that provoke slight reactions from others and have little effect on a person's self-concept
Secondary deviance
When a person employs deviant behaviour as a means of defense, attack, or adjustment to the consqeuences created by social reaction
Stigma
Degradation ceremony
An entire community formally stigmatizes an individual (ex. a criminal trial)
Retrospective labelling
Interpreting someone's past in light of some present deviance
Projective labelling
Using someone's deviant identity to predict future actions
The difference labels make
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
A person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behaviour
Hirschi's Control Theory
Control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behaviour
4 types of social control linked to conformity (Hirschi)
Deviance and power
Deviance and capitalism
White-collar crime
Corporate crime
Organized crime
Hate crimes
Deviance and gender
Types of crime
Crimes against the person
Crimes against property
Victimless crimes
Street criminal profile: age
Street criminal profile: gender
street criminal profile: social class
street criminal profile: race and ethnicity
Fundamental justice
Anyone charged must recieve:
Police
Common police personal judgements
Plea bargaining
Retribution
An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as suffering caused by the crime
Deterrence
Attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
Specific deterrence
Used to convince an individual that crime does not pay
General detereence
Punishment of one person serves as an example for others
Rehabilitation
A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offences
Societal protection
Rendering an offender incapable of further offences temporarily by imprisonment or permanently by execution
The death penalty
Community-based corrections
Correctional programs operating within society rather than behind prison walls
Benefits of community-based corrections
Probation
Parole
Sentencing circles