APISH UNIT 3.2 TEST

What was one major way women contributed to the Revolution before the war?

By joining the Daughters of Liberty and boycotting British goods.

How did the Daughters of Liberty support the boycott of British goods?

They refused to buy British goods, persuaded others to join, and made replacement goods.

How did women contribute during the American Revolution?

They ran farms and businesses, provided supplies, worked as nurses and cooks, and even fought.

What is “Republican Motherhood”?

The belief that women should raise patriotic sons to uphold republican ideals.

How did the Revolution affect African Americans during and after the war?

• during: Many fought for both sides hoping for freedom.

• After: Northern states began abolishing slavery or creating gradual emancipation plans.

What did the Continental Congress do in 1774 regarding slavery?

Ended slave trade

What contradiction did the Revolution expose?

Between the ideals of liberty and the continuation of slavery.

When and where was the Constitutional Convention held?

May–September 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

When and where was the Constitutional Convention held?

May–September 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

How many delegates attended the Constitutional Convention?

: 55 delegates from every state except Rhode Island.

What was the original goal of the Constitutional Convention?

To improve the Articles of Confederation.

Define “Federalism.”

system where power is shared between state and national governments.

What are reserved powers?

Powers kept by the states.

What are delegated powers?

Powers given to the national government.

What are concurrent powers?

Powers shared by both national and state governments.

What is the Supremacy Clause?

: It establishes that federal law is supreme over state law in case of conflict.

What problem did the Great Compromise solve?

Representation in Congress — combining equal Senate representation with proportional House representation.

What issue did the ⅗ Compromise address?

How enslaved people would be counted for representation (⅗ of a person).

What was Section 9 of the Constitution about?

It protected the slave trade from government action for 20 years (until 1808).

What did the Fugitive Slave Clause require?

That escaped enslaved people be returned to their enslavers.

What was the compromise over the presidency?

President elected for a 4-year term, chosen by the Electoral College.

Who were the Federalists?

Supporters of the Constitution, including Hamilton, Madison, and Washington.

Who were the Anti-Federalists?

Opponents of the Constitution, including Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams.

What were the Federalist Papers?

A series of 85 essays promoting ratification of the Constitution.

What was the Bill of Rights?

The first 10 amendments protecting individual freedoms; helped ensure ratification.

How did Federalists address Anti-Federalist concerns?

By adding the Bill of Rights and publishing the Federalist Papers.

What is Separation of Powers?

Division of government into three branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

What is the main duty of the Executive Branch?

Enforce laws (President, Cabinet, federal officials).

What is the main duty of the Legislative Branch?

Make laws and control government spending (Congress

What is the main duty of the Judicial Branch?

Interpret laws and ensure they are constitutional (Supreme Court).

What are the two houses of Congress?

The House of Representatives and the Senate.

What is a check Congress has on the President?

Override vetoes, approve treaties, or impeach.

What is a check the President has on Congress?

Veto laws.

What is a check the Supreme Court has on Congress?

Declare laws unconstitutional

How did the Constitution continue earlier ideals?

t preserved Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and shared power.

How was the Constitution different from earlier governments?

It created a strong central government with checks and balances and a single president.

Who were the members of Washington’s first Cabinet?

Jefferson (State), Hamilton (Treasury), Knox (War), Randolph (Attorney General).

What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 create?

The Supreme Court and lower federal courts.

What were the three parts of Hamilton’s Financial Plan?

Assume state debts, create a national bank, and implement taxes/tariffs.

Who opposed Hamilton’s plan and why?

Jefferson and Madison; they thought it favored the wealthy and was unconstitutional.

What was Jay’s Treaty?

greement where Britain withdrew troops and settled trade disputes.

What was Pinckney’s Treaty?

Agreement with Spain giving the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

A protest against Hamilton’s whiskey tax; Washington’s response proved federal power.

What caused the first political parties to form?

Disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson over government power and interpretation of the Constitution.

What were the Federalist Party’s main beliefs?

Strong central government, loose interpretation, pro-British, pro-industry.

What were the Democratic-Republicans’ main beliefs?

States’ rights, strict interpretation, pro-French, pro-agriculture.

What was the XYZ Affair?

French officials demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, angering Americans.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Laws that restricted free speech and allowed unlawful jailing and deportation of foreigners.

What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?

Jefferson and Madison’s claim that states could declare federal laws unconstitutional.

What Enlightenment ideals shaped American identity?

Liberty, equality, democracy, and individual rights.

What role did religion play in early American identity?

Protestant values and revivalism shaped moral and civic life.

How did the frontier experience shape identity?

It encouraged independence and self-reliance.

What architectural style represented early America?

Neoclassical inspired by Greece and Rome, showing democracy and order.

How did early American art express identity?

Portraits and Revolutionary scenes reflected national pride and unity

What did early American music like “Yankee Doodle” symbolize?

Patriotism, unity, and the everyday American spirit.

Articles of Confederation

The 1st "Constitution" of the United States of America.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Law set up to allow territories to apply for becoming a state

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.

Amendments

Official changes, corrections, or additions to the Constitution.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Proclamation of Nuetrality 1793

a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793 that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

strict construction & loose construction

• way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

• belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

National Bank

A bank charted by the national government. Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; example of loose interpretation.

Precedent

an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.