Openstax US History Chapter 3

headright system

a system in which parcels of land were granted to settlers who could pay their own way to Virginia

indenture

a labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, an elite Catholic religious order founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and to combat the spread of Protestantism

maroon communities

groups of runaway slaves who resisted recapture and eked a living from the land

Middle Passage

the perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of slave ships from the African coast to the New World

musket

a light, long-barreled European gun

patroonships

large tracts of land and governing rights granted to merchants by the Dutch West India Company in order to encourage colonization

repartimiento

a Spanish colonial system requiring Indian towns to supply workers for the colonizers

Timucua

the native people of Florida, whom the Spanish displaced with the founding of St. Augustine, the first Spanish settlement in North America

wampum

shell beads used in ceremonies and as jewelry and currency

What was the Middle Passage?

transatlantic journey

How did European muskets change life for native peoples in the Americas?

Inflicted war among natives and gave weaker tribes an upper hand

Compare and contrast European and Native views on property.

Europeans commercially, Natives hunting

Juan Ponce de León

Conquistador who explored present-day Florida

Pedro Menéndez

founded St. Augustine, FL

St. Augustine

Oldest city in the U.S.

Sir Francis Drake

destroyed St. Augustine with 20 ships and 100 men

Castillo de San Marcos

the fort in St. Augustine built by the Spanish between 1672-1695

Juan de Oñate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Santa Fe

capital of the kingdom of New Mexico

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Fort Amsterdam

a fort built on the tip of Manhattan

Wall Street

protective wall built to protect New Amsterdam and became a famous street in present day

Dutch West India Company

(1621-1794) Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.

Samuel de Champlain

Founded Quebec as French fur-trading outpost

Algonquian

Natives the French relied on and supported.

Beaver Wars

series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region

Katerine Tekakwitha

A Mohawk princess who converted to Christianity and became a healer and missionary to Native Americans before her death as a martyr at age 24.

patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

Smallpox

a disease that causes a high fever and often death

encomienda system

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Jesuit Relations

A journal the Jesuits used to record their accomplish year round

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

Timucua

the native people of Florida, whom the Spanish displaced with the founding of St. Augustine, the first Spanish settlement in North America

Pope

Pueblo religious leader led revolt

royalists

supporters of government by a monarch; used as a name for supporters of England's King Charles I

parliamentarians

Supporters of Parliament, who fought the Royalists during the English Civil War.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Sir Hans Sloane

english naturalist credited with popularizing drinking chocolate

New Spain

After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.

Pueblo Indians

Southwest US Indians, built large irrigation systems, adobe structures

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

New Netherlands

A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.

Beverwijck

Dutch site of fur trading

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

The Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Maryland

Colony originally founded as a haven for Roman Catholics