Surface Area of a cube

Lenght X Width X 6

Volume of a cube equation

Lenght X Width X Height

How to caculate Surface Area and Volume Ratio

If you are given the numbers, then you divide the surface area number by the volume number.

Why cell growth matters

to absortb new materials, to expel waste/materals, more cell volume means more material needs to enter/exit, cell volume increases much faster than cell surface area

Cell division is caused by

Internal or exrnal signals, physical signals (like cell to to cell contact), chemical signals (like nerotransimitters & specific proteins,

Kinases

Are like enzymes (proteins, bind a specific thing, have an active site, the key hole)

clyclins

Are like substrates (specific shape, will only bind to one particular kinase, the key). Cyclins are produced by the cell when something important has been produced

Cyclins next step

Can bind to kinases, which will trigger the next stage of the cell cycle

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Important for for a healthy organism. Prevents waste of resources and replication of damaged cells (mutated DNA)

Cancer

Unconrtolled cell growht

P53

Identifys if a cell should undergo apoptosis (damaged DNA for example).

Danger if P53 doesn’t work

Can’t perform its function. This means a cell no longer has a way to check and see if it should continue to divide or not

Carcinogens

Things that are known to cause cancer (tobacco smoke, lots of X-rays, etc.

Cell cycle

regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication and cell division that occurs in EUKARYOTIC cells

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Cell theory

One of the first unifying concepts developed for biology

Pillar one of cell theory

All organisms are made of cells

Pillar two of cell theory

All existing cells are produced by other living cells

Pillar three of cell theory

The cell is the most basic unit of life

Step one of what happens in a cell

The cell identifys that it needs to divide

Step two of what happens In a cell

The cell needs to replicate organelles (something important)

Step 3 of what happens In a cell

The cell internally realses cyclins when it successfully complets something important

Step 4 of what happens In a cell

the cell waits for cyclins to bind to all of the available kinases

Step 5 of what happens In a cell

the cell moves on to the next stage of the cell cycle once all kinases have been bound by cyclins

All eukaryotic cells are used by

The cell cycle

Stages/phases of cell cycle

G_{1, S,} G_{2, M}

G₁ phase

cells grow and replicate organelles here

S phase

The amount of DNA is literally doubled

G2 phase

Cells grows more, starts reorganizing contents for division

G0

Resting Phase. Can occur at any point throughout Interphase

M phase (NOT A PART OF INTERPHASE)

Is Mitosis. Function is cell division

How long S, G2 and M take

Combined, it takes 12 hours