AP Biology: Plants and Kingdoms

monocotyledons

Plants with one seed leaf.

Dicotyledon

a plant that has two seed leaves or cotyledons

biofuel

Liquid fuel created from processed or refined biomass

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

dermal tissue

tissue of the plant that makes up the waxy outer layer of the plant

plant epidermis

outermost layer of flattened cells that covers and protects all parts of the plant

ground tissue

tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant

guard cell

Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.

meristematic tissue

plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth

phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

stoma of plants

entrance to the plant that opens and closes for gas exchange

controls water loss

when open water leave and co2 enters, this dehydrates the plant

shoot system

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

root system

All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

root hairs

tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients

roots

Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground.

aerenchyma

a soft plant tissue containing air spaces, found especially in many aquatic plants

Cortex (plants)

layer below the epidermal layer; composed of ground tissues; water and nutrients move through this layer on the way to vascular tissues

cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

endodermis

The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder.

fibrous root

part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest

mesophyll

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

palisade mesophyll

Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf

root cap

a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury

spongy mesophyll

Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells

taproot

primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots

venation

the arrangement of veins in a leaf

cohesion-tension model

explanation for upward transport of water in xylem based upon transpiration-created tension and the cohesive properties of water molecules

pressure-flow model

an explanation for how carbohydrates are translocated in plants

root pressure

The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.

Translocation (plants)

phloem carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant

requires energy

transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

parenchyma cells

play a role in storage, secrection, and photosynthesis in cells

collenchyma cells

provide flexible and mechanical support; found in stems and leaves

sclerenchyma cells

A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.

tuber

An enlargement at the end of a rhizome in which food is stored.

bryophyte

nonvascular plant; examples are mosses and their relatives

seedless vascular plants

lycophytes and monilophytes

lycophytes

club mosses and their relatives

monilophytes

ferns and their relatives

sporophytes

The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into gametophytes generation

life cycle of a fern

1.) Sporangia release spores (n). Ferns produce a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual photosynthetic gameteophyte

2.) each gametophyte develops both a sperm-producing antheridium and and egg-producing archegoniums

3.) Flagellated- sperm swim to eggs in archegonia (fertilization)

gymnosperm

"Naked seeds", such as pine cones and other conifers.

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

artificial propagation

The creation of new plants (clones) through human manipulation e.g. cuttings.

cone

The reproductive structure of a gymnosperm.

flower

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm

anther

the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.

pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

filament stalk

Supports the anther

stigma (plants)

In plants, the region of a carpel serving as a receptive surface for pollen grains, which germinate on it.

style (plants)

a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary

ovary in plants

A protective structure in plants that encloses the developing seeds

ovules in plants

organ that forms the seed of flowering plants

fruit

A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.

sporic reproduction

sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual

alga

A protist that produces its food by photosynthesis.

Protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

embryo (plants)

a young multicellular diploid sporophyte that develops from a single-celled zygote by mitosis, produced following the fertilization of an egg and depend on maternal issues for food, unique to land plants, takes place inside a seed.

ascus

the reproductive structure where spores develop on sac fungi

sac fungi

single celled fungi that reproduces by budding (ascomyota)

basidium

Club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores

club fungi (basidiomycota)

Fungi that, if multicellular, bear the products of meiosis on club-shaped basidia and possess a long-lasting dikaryotic stage. Some are unicellular.

fungus

a parasitic plant lacking chlorophyll and leaves and true stems and roots and reproducing by spores

hypha

tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold

parasitic

living at the expense of another; sponging

predatory

inclined to prey on others

mutualistic

both organisms benefit

saprobial

feeds on dead organisms or organic waste

asexual reproduction in fungi

fragmentation, budding, spores

sexual reproduction in fungi

plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

5 groups of fungi

1. Chytrids

2. Zygomycetes

3. Glomeromycetes

4. Ascomycetes

5. Basidiomycetes

chytrids

aquatic and produce flagellated spores; they were the first fungi

zygomycetes

a fungal group that is not very pathogenic; complex life cycle consisted on sexual and asexual fungal groups...fungi spend most of their time as haploids; black bread mold;

glomeromycetes

Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae.

mycelium

densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

zygospore

resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of a mold's life cycle

fruiting body

The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores

bilateral symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

coelom

fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm

ectothermy

Determination of body temperature primarily by external thermal conditions.

endothermy

Organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This heat is usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment

exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

invertebrate

An animal without a backbone

mammary gland

An organ in female mammals that produces milk for the mammal's young.

mantle

refers to a soft, fleshy layer of tissue found in mollusks and some other invertebrates. It's a dorsal body wall that covers the visceral mass (internal organs) and, in many mollusks, secretes the shell.

medusa

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

Notochord

A flexible rod that supports a chordate's back

polyp

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

radial symmetry

body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body

segmentation

the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts

tetrapod

vertebrate with four limbs

vertebrate

An animal with a backbone

Germination

the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow

hypocotyl

The part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle.

petal

A modified leaf of a flowering plant; petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.

Pistil

The female reproductive part of a flower