Chapter 7 cellular repsiation

Glycolysis

Glucose is turned into 2 Pyruvate

Where does glycolysis happen?

In cytoplasm

What enzymes are used in glycolysis?

Kinase, isomerase and dehydrogenase

how much ATP, Pyruvate and NADH is made in Glycolysis?

2 of each

what is the purpose of fermentation?

To regenerate NAD from NADH for glycolysis to continue

where does lactic acid fermentation happen

cytoplasm of muscle cells

what are the products of lactic acid fermentation?

2 Lactate , 2 NAD+

what is the final electons acceptor of lactic acid fermentation?

Pyruvate

where does Alcohol fermentation happen

Cytoplasm of yeast

What is decarboxylation?

Losing carbon in the form of CO2

what is the final electrons acceptor of Ethanol fermentation?

acetaldehyde

what are the products of lactic acid fermentation?

2 ATP, 2NAD+ and 2 lactate

What is reduced in lactic acid fermentation?

pyruvate

What is oxidized in lactic acid fermentation?

NADH

What is reduced in Ethanol fermentation?

Acetaldehyde

Where does Pyruvate oxidation happen?

mitochondrial matrix

What is oxidized in pyruvate oxidation?

Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA.

What is reduced in pyruvate oxidation?

NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Where does the Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) happen?

Mitochondrial matrix

What 2 things happens in Phase 1 of Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) ?

Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate turn into Citiric acid

What enzyme combines Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate ?

Citrate Synthase

What 3 things happens in Phase 2 of Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) ?

Citric acid loses 2 carbons as CO2 and turns into Succinate

2NAD+ reduced to 2NADH by dehydrogenase

ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation

What 3 things happens in Phase 3 of Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) ?

1NAD+ to 1NADH

FAD+ into FADH2

Succinate to Oxaloacetate

What enzyme of Kreb cycle turn NAD+ to NADH

Malate Dehydrogenase

What enzyme turns FAD+ into FADH2?

Succinate Dehydrogenase

How many products are made in Kreb Cycle?

2CO2,3NADH, 2FADH2 AND 2 ATP

Where does the ETC(electron transport chain) occur?

Inner Mitochondrial space

What is the first enzyme in ETC?

NADH Dehydrogenase

What does NADH Dehydronated do?

Transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).

NADH is oxidized to NAD+

What is the second enzyme in ETC?

ubiquinone

What does ubiquinone do?

Brings electrons from complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase ) or/and II( FADH)- Kreb Cycle) and transfers them to complex III.

What is the third enzyme in ETC?

Bc1 Complex

What does Bc1 Complex do?

transfers electrons from q to Cytochrome-C

electron carrier to cytochrome oxidase and H+ pump

cytochrome complex

cytochrome oxidase

sends 4 electrons of ETC to O2

what is final electrons acceptor of aerobic reparation

Oxygen

What is ATP Synthetase an its function

Enzyme that changes ADP + P into ATP

It also uses facilitated diffusion to pump H protons from intermembrane space to mitochondrial matrix

Chemiosmosis

Flow of H+ down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase “powers” ATP

Pyruvate oxidation

What produces the largest amount of ATP and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

enzyme that works best in Basic conditions ph of 7 or higher

trypsin

pepsin

enzyme that works best in acidicconditions

What is kinase

Enzyme that transfers phosphate from 1 molecule to another

what is iosmerase?

enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another

What is deamination?

when a macromolecule loses its amino group(protiens)

What is beta oxidation?

It turns fats into Acetyl-CoA,

What enzyme turns protiens into amino acids

Protease

What enzyme turns DNA and RNA to nucleotides

Nuclease

what enzyme tirns lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

lipase

What enzyme turns Polysaccharides to Monosaccharides?

Amalyase

what makes amylase?

pancrease