APUSH Period 4

Second Great Awakening

Religious movement that began in the early decades of the 19th century. Reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. In the northern states it touched off social reform.

Second Bank of the United States

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks.

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's first Secretary of State. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809.

Battle of New Orleans

General Andrew Jackson won this in 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States.

Era of Good Feelings

Popular name for the period of one-party, Dem.-Rep., rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States.

Nullification Crisis

In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina.

cotton gin

Machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Increased the demand for slaves and the output of fiber for mills around the world.

War Hawks

Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun; argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.

William Lloyd Garrison

Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."

Cult of Domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Sectionalism: The North

Largely urban population that worked in factories.

Sectionalism: The South

Largely agricultural, mostly cotton plantations from 1830-1850.

Sectionalism: The West

Largely a secluded life away from others, food growers, hunters, trappers.

Democratic-Republicans

Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.

Federalist Party

Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.

Whig Party

Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATRED for Andrew Jackson.

Impressment

Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service on ships. Major cause of the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum.

Frances Scott Key

Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry in 1814.

Monroe Doctrine

An 1823 statement warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. Not challenged by European nations until years later.

Missouri Compromise

an agreement authored by Henry Clay in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories.

Marbury v. Madison

Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review during the Marshall Court.

American System

Henry Clay proposed this to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of:

* Bank of the United States

* Internal Improvements

* Tariffs

universal white male suffrage

In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848 women's rights movement wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments" calling for equal rights. Organized by E. C. Stanton and L. Mott

Transcendentalists

They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Led by Emerson and Thoreau.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from Georgia through TN, KY, IL, MO, and AR-more than 800 miles -to OK. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

William Henry Harrison

Hero in the War of 1812 and future President, put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to maintain Pan Indian alliance with Britain. Won the Battle of Thames

Martin Van Buren

Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Faced with economic troubles that derailed his presidency

Democrats

In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Dem.-Rep. Party of Thomas Jefferson.

Tecumseh

He said, "They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.

public school movement

In the 1840s, tax supported free public education spread throughout country. People reasoned the desire to have educated citizens in a democracy was worth the expense.

Embargo Act, 1807

Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality.

temperance movement

2nd Great Awakening reform that hoped to eliminate alcohol consumption through voluntary measures. Maine became 1st state to ban alcohol.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817, this organization transported free Black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States. Jackson defied John Marshall's support of the Cherokees

John Quincy. Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Tariff of Abominations

Passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

John Marshall

This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights and supported the business interests in a free market system

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks.

John C. Calhoun

He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void.

Results of the War of 1812

-American Nationalism

-Greater respect for America by European nations

-Death of the Federalist Party

Joseph Smith and Brigham Young

Religious leaders of the Mormons who set out to find a permanent home; settled in Utah to avoid persecution for their beliefs

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa (Tripoli); President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Eli Whitney

invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts; cotton became main crop of the South

Antebellum Period

The time period after the War of 1812 and before the Civil War during which there were many reforms and increased sectionalism

Lowell System

The use of water powered textile mills that employed young, unmarried women in the early 1800s.

Jacksonian Democracy, andrew jackson

- Expanded White male suffrage to all white males not just property owning

- Nominating conventions and primary elections replaced legislative caucuses

- Belief in the Common Man

Panic of 1837

Cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress triggered by Jackson's destabilizing the Bank of the United States.

election of 1800

Election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party.

market revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses) that caused wages to rise and businesses to grow.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by their opposition to the War of 1812; contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings"

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government and legalizing the Bank of the United States

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824.

Dorothea Dix

Pushed for changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals

Horace Mann

"Father of the public school system"; set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Petticoat Affair

A U.S. scandal in 1830-1831 involving members of President Jackson's cabinet and their wives. over Jackson's appointment of John Eaton. Eaton was married to a woman of allegedly questionable character, and the wives of many prominent Washington politicians organized a campaign to snub her.

strict constructionist

one who argues a narrow interpretation of the Constitution's provisions, in particular those granting powers to the federal government. democrat-republicans believed this

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

Agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes and maintain an unfortified border.

Universal White Male Suffrage

The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's

Tariff of 1833

Tariff proposed to settle the dispute between nullies and Jackson, It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Bank War

Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks.

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

German immigrants to the United States

left their homeland to escape economic hardships and autocratic government

Irish immigrants

Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories in harsh conditions for little pay

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

Know-Nothings

Nativists who were anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.