4.4 PSYCHODYNAMIC & HUMANISTIC THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Social Norms

Shared expectations within a society that guide how individuals should think, feel, or behave in specific situations.

Social Influence Theory

A theory explaining how individuals change their attitudes or behavior in response to real or imagined social pressure.

Central Route to Persuasion

A method of persuasion that uses logical reasoning and evidence to influence thoughtful decision-making.

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

A method of persuasion that relies on superficial cues, such as appearance or emotion, rather than message content.

Halo Effect

A cognitive bias where a favorable impression in one area leads to positive judgments in unrelated areas.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A persuasion method that starts with a small request to increase compliance with a larger one later.

Door-in-the-Face Technique

A persuasion method that begins with a large request likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.

Conformity

The tendency to adjust one's thoughts or behavior to match those of a group or social norm.

Group Polarization

The tendency for group discussion to strengthen the prevailing opinions of group members.

Obedience

The act of following orders or instructions from someone perceived as an authority figure.

Groupthink

A flawed decision-making process in which the desire for consensus overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Collectivism

A cultural orientation that prioritizes group harmony, cooperation, and shared responsibility over individual goals.

Diffusion of Responsibility

A phenomenon in which individuals feel less personal responsibility to act when others are present.

Multiculturalism

The acceptance and coexistence of multiple cultural traditions within a society.

Social Loafing

The tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone.

Deindividuation

A psychological state in which individuals in groups lose self-awareness and feel less accountable for their actions.

Social Trap

A situation in which individuals act in their own short-term interest, leading to negative outcomes for the group.

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-practiced tasks when in the presence of others.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

The study of human behavior in the workplace with a focus on improving performance, relationships, and well-being.

False Consensus Effect

The tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with one's beliefs or behaviors.

Burnout

A state of physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from prolonged stress or dissatisfaction at work.

Superordinate Goals

Shared goals that require cooperation between groups and help reduce conflict and prejudice.

Altruism

Selfless behavior aimed at helping others without expecting personal gain.

Social Reciprocity Norm

The expectation that people will return help and kindness given to them.

Social Responsibility Norm

The belief that people should help those who are dependent or in need, even without expecting something in return.

Bystander Effect

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.