Studied by 9 peopleThe Arabian Peninsula
This is a part of southwestern Asia. Its deserts and trade centers helped shape the early life of Muhammad and it’s mostly desert, but contains oasis; or fertile areas in a desert.
Muhammad
The final and greatest prophet of Allah. He is considered to be the founder of Islam. A merchant earlier in his life, he was chosen to deliver the word of Allah when he received a message from Allah through the archangel Gabriel.
Allah
The term for God in arabic. Muslims must declare their faith to only one God (a monotheistic religion).
Mecca
The birthplace of Muhammad. It is the location Muhammad first began to spread the word of Allah.
The Hijrah
Turning point of Islam, where Muhammad and followers took a long journey out of Mecca to Yathrib, which was renamed,”City of the prophet”.
The five pillars of Islam
Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj
Muezzins
These are the calls to pray that are made at the top of the minarets.
Minaret
tall pillar structures where people would pray- people pray at a different one each time they pray during a day
Ramadan
Month varies each year where muslims do not eat and fast from sunrise to sundown.
Pilgrimage
**(**This is a big journey for religious reasons, like Muhammad’s trek to Mecca to conquer it) and it is an opportunity for rebirth to one's religion. For them, this was the journey to Mecca to get there, as well as once they do once they reach Mecca, specifically the Kabba.
Kaaba
This is the structure that muslims believe to be built by Abraham. 1st house of worship ever built to god. This is what people face when they pray. This is also where one makes the pilgrimage to Mecca. 1st place where Muhammad received revelations(direct message from god) from God.
Shahada
Declaration of faith in one god
Salat
Face Mecca
Daily Prayers
Called by Muezzins
Zakat
Charity to the poor
Sawm
Fasting during Ramadan
Hajj
Pilgrimage to mecca
Visit the kaaba
Koran (Qur’an)
This is the book that revelations Muhammed received
from Gabriel is kept in. It is the holy book of the muslims. It teaches
about Allah, and how he is powerful and compassionate, as well as
how people are responsible for their actions.
Arabic
This is what the Quran is written in, and the muslims consider only the Arabic version to be the true version. Arabic is the language and literature for muslims. It became the language of worshippers and scholars. This language also helped unite conquered people as muslim control expanded.
“People of the Book”
Muslims refer to Jews and Christians as people of the book, because both of those religions have a holy book in which they pray to and have for the basis of their religion. To muslims, people of the book are spiritually superior to those who believe in polytheistic ideas. Therefore, Sharia law requires and influences muslims to be tolerant towards Jews as well as Christians.
The dome of the rock
This is located in Jerusalem and is the earliest surviving muslim monument. It was completed in 691 and the complex that it is a part of is the third most holy place in islam. It is on Mount Moriah where the Jewish temple was originally knocked down by the Romans.
The 3 C’s
Commerce, conquest, conversion- all ways that Islam spread
Other factors
Christains and Jews were a big part of it, or the “people of the book”
Caliph
This is a successor of Muhammad. It ended up being Abu Bakr after Muhammad, in favor of Sunnis.
Reasons for victory/ why did Arabs have so many victories
Oppressive neighbors nearby had grown weak- Byzantine and Persian Empires had grown weak due to constant war with each other
They were oppressive rulers too!
Superior military tactics- the use of Bedouin camels and horse cavalries overwhelmed traditional fighting methods of standard armies
Islam helped knit a patchwork of tribes into a unified state
A belief in Islam and certainty of reaching paradise if one fell in battle
The treatment of the conquered people
Islam was mostly tolerant for those who were conquered. Some rulers at the start would have tax on non-muslims, but they were mostly tolerant. They allowed Christinas, Jews, and Zoroastrians to practice their own faiths and follow their own laws. Jews and Christians started to play big roles as doctors, officials and translators as it civilized more.
Sunni/Shiite
Shiites believed that Muhammad had made his son in law Ali the next successor, while Sunnis thought that Abu Bakr (close friend of Muhammad) should be the next successor. Around 85% of muslims are sunni, 15% shiite. Abu Bakr ended up being the successor next.
Jihad
This was the struggle in God's service, or almost like a goal for some Muslims. It is called the “unofficial 6th pillar of Islam” and many people have their own interpretations of what it is. Some believe it is an individual’s personal jihad to overcome their own immorality, and others believe in violence or to engage in warfare against non-believers.
Mosque
The house of worship for Muslims.
Sharia Law
This is a code of Islamic laws that are based on Sharia and applied to everyday life. Interpretations of it differ but it guides religious and secular life. It helps guide families together and is based on govt, crime, etc. This regulates family life, business practices, and more. It helped unite people who converted to Islam. It does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law.
Islam and women
Spiritually equal to men helps women gain greater position in the region. In society roles and treatment of men and women depend on the region. Arabs would adopt attitudes about women from those conquered, for example discrimination from the Persians and Byzantines. Law even stated women must have a share of parents or husband's property. However, the amount of inheritance given was less to a daughter than a son. It was harder for women to get a divorce than for a man.
Art and literature
Used many artistic techniques, like calligraphy and arabesque. Arabesque is the design for floral shapes made of curved lines that is used in things like rugs, textiles, and glassware. Calligraphy was the art of perfect handwriting and things like this were used because muslim religious leaders refused artists to portray god or human figures. The work of Islamic literature was the poetic Quran itself. Muslim art reflected traditions of people who lived under Muslim rule and Muslim artists were influenced by skills and styles of people.
Centers of learning and philosophy
Boys and girls were both provided with educational opportunities and they were taught to read, write, and study the Quran. Baghdad became a Muslim center of learning due to its many libraries attracting many scholars. Other cities contained different types of learning that furthered math, medicine, philosophy and more. They preserved learning of earlier civilizations by translating ancient Persina, Sanskrit, and Greek texts into Arabic.
Mathematics
Muslim scholars studied Indian and Greek mathematics and then started adding their own touches to it, and the greatest Muslim mathematician was al-Khwarizmi. Al Khwarizmi wrote a book that was translated to latin and became a standard math textbook in Europe. He studied algebra.
Medicine
Muslim surgeons found a way to treat cataracts, where they would draw fluid out the lenses with hollow needles. Arab pharmacists were the first to mix bitter medicines into sweet tasting syrups and gums. Physicians and Pharmacists had to pass tests before they could advance their profession, and the government set hospitals up. People could get seen quickly like emergency rooms today. Muhammad Al- Razi was a head physician at Baghdad's chief hospital. He wrote books, and studied measles and smallpox. Ibn Sina was a doctor by 16 and was in a book called Canon on Medicine with Greek Arab and his work.
Knowledge moves west
Muslim scholars helped knowledge move into Christian Europe. These were mostly through Spain and Sicily. Christina European scholars were introduced to the achievements of Greco-Roman civilization. They studied muslim science and philosophy and started attending Muslim Universities in Spain to translate Arabic texts.
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