Test 1 Z

Atoms

Periodic Table

Molecules

H20, NH3, C6H12O6

Organelles

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Vacuole

Cells

Neuron, Red blood cells

Tissues

Cardiac muscle, Nervous

Organs

Liver heart brain stomach

Organ system

Digestive system, nervous system

Organism

Us

Species

Homo sapiens, Escherichia coli

Populations

Western fence lizard, Eastern fence lizard

Communities

Understory community, crown community

Ecosystems

Prarie, rainforests, tundra

Biomes

Wet, dry, tropical , temperate

Nonliving physical

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles

Living Physical

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Organisms

Conceptual Non-physical Non-Living

Species

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biomes

(EU) Bacteria

Regular prokaryotes

Archea

Extremophilic prokaryotes

Eukarya

With a neucleus

Phylum Porifera

Sponges

Phylum Cnidaria

Sea anemone, Jellyfish, corals

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, Flukes, Tapeworms

Phylum Annelida

Earthworms, Leeches

Phylum Molluska

Snails, clams, squid, octopus, oysters

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

Phylum Arthopoda

Insects, crustaceans, spiders

Phylum Echinodermata

Seastars, sea urchins

Phylum Chordata

Vertabrites, sea squirts, lancets

Diversity is a measure of

Variation

The units of diversity are usually

species

Phylum Arthropoda %

82% 1,224,200 species

Phylum Molluska %

6% 92,705 Species

Phylum Chordata %

4% 64,680 Species

Phylum Nematoda %

2% 25,000 Species

Phylum Platyhelminthes %

1% 20,000 species

Phylum Annelida %

1% 17,000 species

Phylum Porifera %

1% 15,000 species

Phylum Cnidaria %

Phylum Echinodermata

Other animal phyla %

1% 14,100

Carolus Linnaeus

Published the 10th edition of the systema naturae

Established the first standard rules for naming and grouping

A species name is

Binomial

Binomial

Has two different names

First name ex. Canis

Generic name

Second name ex lupus

Specific name

Can the generic name be used without the specific name

Yes

Can the specific name be used without the generic name

No

How is a name capitalized

Generic capitalized

Specific never capitalized

What is the formatting of a name

If types italicized

If written underline

If on an in class online quiz dashes

Can you pluralize a name

No it is singular

Is the Canis lupus correct

No

Can you abbreviate the generic name

Only after using it in full once

What do you put if the species is unknown

sp (singular) spp (plural)

What prefixes can be added to a rank to make it more inclusive

Supra

Super

Sub

Infra

Order of ranks from least to most inclusive

Species

Tribe

Genus

Family

Order

Class

Division

Phylum

Domain

Kingdom

When is rank capitalized

When formally used with full taxon name

Superfamily Suffices

Oidea

Family

idae

Subfamily

inae

Tribe

ini

Subtribe

ina

Infratribe

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Evolution

A change through time

What does evolution require

Variation

Inheritance

Selection

What did Charles Darwin publish

Origin of species 1859

\

Directional Natural Selection

Disruptive natural selection

Stabilizing natural selection

What are the 3 schools of systematics

Taxonomy

Classification

Phylogenetics

Taxonomy

The school of naming organisms

Classification

The school of grouping organisms

Phylogenetics

Deciphering the evolutionary history of organisms

Homology

Come from the same origin but function and look different

Ex. Scales, feathers

Homoplasy

Two structures that are a similar shape or structure that don’t function the same

ex. fin

Analogy

Two structures that have the same function

Ex. Lungs, Gils

Why are the concepts of homology, analogy, and homoplasy so important

Evolution

Helps us understand how things evolve

Phylogenetic

The study of how organisms are related usually expressed as a branching diagram known generally as a cladogram or phylogeny and based on homologies

Terminal taxon

The taxon at the very end of the branch

(O.T.U)

Ingroup

The set of terminal taxa that is usually the set of interest

Outgroup

The terminal taxon that establishes polarity of characters

Terminal Taxon

Ingroup

Outgroup

Node

The point at which a branch diverges

Most recent common ancestor

The most recent node hat is found at the base of any pair of terminal taxa

Internode

The branch that occurs between two nodes of between a node and a terminal taxon

Monophyletic Group

A group of taxa that includes one ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

Monophyletic group

Paraphyletic group

A group of taxa that includes one ancestor dome but not all descendants of that ancestor

Sister group

two monophyletic groups arising from a single ancestor

Polytomy

When a node yields a tri rather than a simple bifurcating pattern

When it branches off into three rather than two branches

Apomorphy

Condition and position of a character state when it evolves from primitive to derived

Parsimony

The solution to character evolution that produces with the easiest solution

Synapomorphy

Condition where an apomorphy unites a monophyletic group to the exclusion of all other taxa

Defines monophyletic groups

Autapomorphy

Condition where an apomorphy occurs along a terminal internode only

Homoplasy

Condition when a derived character state evolves more than once when considered under parsimony

Homoplasy

Autapomorphy

Reversal

Condition when a linage reverts to an earlier character state from a derived character