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Dominant
gene that is expressed or visible and will appear in organism
(B)
Recessive
gene that is mashed by dominant and can be carried
Genotype
2 alleles you have for a trait
(BB, Bb, bb)
Phenotype
what these 2 alleles make you look like
(blonde vs. brown hair)
Homozygous
genotype contains same two genes (true breeding)
(BB, bb)
Heterozygous
genotype contains two different genes
(Bb)
Allele
different forms of a gene
(B, b)
Gene
characteristics passed from parents to kids (section on a chromosome that codes for trait)
(hair, eye color)
gene pool
may have multiple alleles, but only two go to each genotype
Meiosis
process of cell division used exclusively to produce gametes (sex cells)
- half # of chromosomes (23)
- each sex cell provides copy of gene to offspring
incomplete dominance
occurs when two different alleles of same strength (blend together)
(RW = pink)
Codominance
see both colors (C^B C^W)
polygenic traits
characteristics that are determined by combination of multiple genes (eye color (15), skin color(3))
Who discovered DNA structure?
"Watson and Crick", but really Franklin
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleotide
building block (sugar + nitrogen base + phosphate)
backbone for DNA:
deoxyribose sugar + phosphate
rungs of DNA ladder
nitrogenous bases (order makes up you)
Karyogram
picture of organism's chromosomes (largest -> smallest)
Autosomes
non-sex chromosomes (humans 1-22)
Sex chromosomes
determine gender (humans 23)
Body cells
somatic (2 sets of chromosomes)
Sex cells
gametes (1 set of chromosomes)
A
Adenine (pairs w/ T)
T
thymine (pairs with A)
G
guanine (pairs w/ C)
C
cytosine (pairs w/ G)
Hydrogen bonds
links nitrogen bases together
covalent bonds
links phosphate to sugar + sugar to base
Genetics
the study of heredity