Bio 2 Unit 3 Test

Consist information on Protists, Origin of Land Plants, Evolution of Seed Plants, and Fungi

Endosymbiosis theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small independent prokaryotes that began living as symbionts within other larger cells

How did ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts likely enter their hosts?

As undigested prey

Ancestral acrchaean cell possessed what kind of features?

Eukaryotic-like

1st Eukaryotic-like Traits Ancestral Archaean Cells Possessed

Similar RNA

2nd Eukaryotic-like Traits Ancestral Archaean Cells Possessed

Histone proteins

3rd Eukaryotic-like Traits Ancestral Archaean Cells Possessed

Membrane transport proteins

1st Type of Endosymbiosis Evidence for Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Inner membranes are similar to the plasma membranes of prokaryotes

2nd Type of Endosymbiosis Evidence for Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Replicate independently of the cell

3rd Type of Endosymbiosis Evidence for Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Contain their own circular DNA

Evolution of eukaryotic cells

allowed for a greater range of unicellular forms

1st Feature Eukaryotic Cells Have

Nucleus

2nd Feature Eukaryotic Cells Have

Membrane bound organelles

3rd Feature Eukaryotic Cells Have

Strands of DNA

4th Feature Eukaryotic Cells Have

May or may not have a cell wall, composition varies

Eukaryotic Asexual reproduction

Spores, budding, fragmentation – no mate needed

Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction

Gametes (sperm & egg) must fuse to form a zygote

Do zygotes have genes that are exactly like the parents?

No, they are always genetically different

What is the cellularity of the oldest eukaryote fossil?

Singe-celled

1st Eukaryotic Supergroup

Excavata

2nd Eukaryotic Supergroup

SAR

3rd Eukaryotic Supergroup

Archaeplastida

4th Eukaryotic Supergroup

Unikonta

How many supergroups does eukaryotes have?

4

Protist

informal name for the group of organisms that includes all eukaryotes except animals, plants, and fungi

What type of clade does protists have?

Paraphyletic

What does protists have more than any eukaryotes?

more structural and functional diversity

Do all protists have the same cellularity?

No, some can be unicellular, colonial, multicellular, or aggregative

What is the cellularity of most protists?

Unicellular

Unicellular Characteristic

Single independent cell

Colonial Cellularity Characteristic

Multiple genetically identical units (cells or multicellular bodies) that are physically connected to each other

How do colonial units replicate?

Mitosis, Fragmentation

Fragmentation

type of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism breaks into two or more pieces, and each piece develops into a complete, independent organism identical to the parent.

Multicellular Characteristics

Contain more than one cell type, have a division of labor, and must coordinate their functions

What does multicellular cells require?

differential gene expression

1st Type of Multicellular Protist

Brown Algae

2nd Type of Multicellular Protist

Red algae

3rd Type of Multicellular Protist

Chlorophytes

4th Type of Multicellular Protist

Charophytes

5th Type of Multicellular Protist

Land plants

What is multicellularity associated with?

evolution of cell signaling pathways and cellular adherence

1st Advantage of Multicellularity

Increased size

2nd Advantage of Multicellularity

Division of labor

3rd Advantage of Multicellularity

Metabolic cooperation

Do all protists obtain nutrients the same way?

No

Photoautotrophs

photosynthesize with chloroplasts

Chemoheterotrophs

absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

Mixotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Which supergroup obtained chloroplast from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria?

Archaeplastida

Primary Endosymbiosis

process by which a eukaryotic cell engulfs a prokaryotic organism, leading to a mutualistic relationship that results in the formation of organelles like chloroplasts.

Primary Endosymbiosis with __ led to the __ lineage

Cyanobacteria, Archaeplastida

How did members of Excavata and SAR obtain their chloroplasts?

Through secondary endosymbiosis

Secondary endosymbiosis

is the process in which a eukaryotic cell engulfs an archaeplastid that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis, leading to complex organelles and increased cellular diversity.

What subgroup(s) of SAR Clade obtained chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis?

Stramenopiles and Alveolates

1st Type of Protist Common Locomotion

Amoeboid motion

Another name for Amoeboid motion?

Cytoplasmic streaming

2nd Type of Protist Common Locomotion

Swimming by flagella

3rd Type of Protist Common Locomotion

Swimming by cilia

1st Way Protists Reproduce

Asexual

2nd Way Protists Reproduce

Sexual

3rd Way Protists Reproduce

Alternation of generations

Alternation of generations

Adult generation alternates between multicellular haploid and diploid forms

1st Step of Alternation of Generations

A haploid multicellular organism (gametophyte) produces gametes through mitosis

2nd Step of Alternation of Generations

Fertilization of gametes leads to the formation of a diploid zygote.

3rd Step of Alternation of Generations

Through mitosis the zygote develops into a diploid multicellular organism (sporophyte)

4th Step of Alternation of Generations

The sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, which can germinate and grow into new gametophytes

Excavata

includes the euglenozoans, characterized by their cytoskeleton and a “excavated” feeding groove

What is the cellularity of Euglenozoans?

Unicellular

What are Euglenozoans feeding modes?

chemoheterotroph, photoautotroph, and mixotroph

1st Organism that belongs to the phylum Euglenozoa

Euglenids

Euglenids

Covered by outer pellicle and are VERY sensitive to light

Pellicle

protein layer supported by microtubules that allows for extreme flexibility

What is the movement called when a organism using a pellicle to me?

euglenoid movement

2nd Organism that belongs to the phylum Euglenozoa

Kinetoplastids

Kinetoplastids

Free-living heterotrophs, some are parasitic

Example of parasitic kinetoplastids

Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma

Knows as African Sleeping Sickness that can cause rupture of blood cells

How does Trypanosoma spread?

By bite of tsetse fly

Supergroup SAR

diverse monophyletic super group named for the first letters of its three major clades Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians

Stramenopiles

have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum

1st Protist that belongs to phylum Stramenopiles

diatoms

2nd Protist that belongs to phylum Stramenopiles

golden algae

3rd Protist that belongs to phylum Stramenopiles

brown algae

Diatoms

unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like cell wall of silicon dioxide

Brown Algae

Includes the largest, most complex algae, mostly marine. HUGE ecological breeding zone

What is the cellularity of brown algae?

Multicellular

Alveolates

have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

1st Organism that belongs to clade alveolates

Dinoflagellates

2nd Organism that belongs to clade alveolates

Apicomplexans

3rd Organism that belongs to clade alveolates

Ciliates

Dinoflagellates

One of most abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton.Some produce toxins

Apicomplexans

Parasites of animals. Most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion

What is an example of a apicomplexans?

Plasmodium

Plasmodium

Causes malaria, requires both the mosquito and a mammal

2nd Type of Alveolates

Ciliates

Ciliates

named for their use of cilia to move and feed.

Amoebas

protists that move and feed by pseudopodia, extensions of the cell surface.

Rhizarain Amoebas

differ from amoebas in other clades by having threadlike pseudopodia.

1st Type of Protist that Belong to Supergroup Archaeplastida

red algae

2nd Type of Protist that Belong to Supergroup Archaeplastida

green algae