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Undernourished
Having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition.
Countries in need of food
Countries such as Zimbabwe, Zambia, Central African Republic, Kenya, and Nigeria.
Main causes of hunger
Conflict, Climate Change, Economy, Gender inequality, Food waste, Extreme weather.
Ways to reduce food waste
Only buy what is needed, Put food waste to use (e.g. compost), Support local food providers, Store food wisely, Share uneaten food.
Simple Carbohydrates
Primary source of energy; examples include glucose, sugary lollies, sugar, ice cream, fruits, and honey.
Complex Carbohydrates
Provide more lasting energy; examples include bread, wraps, rice, and oats.
Fats and Oils
Examples include olive oil, coconut oil, and butter.
Proteins
Regulate the body’s tissues and organs; examples are eggs, meat, and yogurt.
Vitamins
Essential nutrients, examples include Vitamin C tablets, oranges, and carrots.
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients, examples include iron and charcoal.
Common characteristics of metals
Lustre, conductive, malleable, solid, ductile.
Common characteristics of non-metals
Brittle, not malleable, not conductive, gaseous, not ductile.
Roots
Structure with xylem and phloem that stabilizes the plant and absorbs water and salts.
Xylem
Moves water to the leaves (only up).
Phloem
Transports glucose up and down the leaves.
Stems
Transport nutrients; holds flowers and leaves.
Leaves
Contain stomata for gas exchange in photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Process used by plants to produce glucose, requiring light and carbon dioxide.
Respiration
Conversion of glucose into energy.
Conservation of Energy law
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Roller Coaster Dynamics
Roller coasters convert potential energy into kinetic energy.
Weight
Mass multiplied by gravity (Weight = Mass x Gravity).
Net Force
Result of subtracting opposing forces; add forces in the same direction.
Unbalanced Forces
One side applies more force than the other, causing movement; net force is not 0 newtons.
Balanced Forces
Forces that cancel each other out; net force is 0 newtons.
Friction
A force resisting motion between two surfaces in contact.
Reducing Friction
Using lubricants, streamlining objects, and using rollers or ball bearings.
Types of charges
Protons (positive), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (negative).
Measuring Force
Force is measured in newtons using a force meter or spring balance.
Air Resistance
A form of friction that increases with an object's speed.
Terminal Velocity
The constant speed when weight force and air resistance are balanced.
Triage
Assessing the severity of an injury to determine treatment order.
Unicellular organisms
Organisms consisting of one type of cell, producing identical copies through mitosis.
Multicellular organisms
Organisms consisting of multiple cell types, with mitosis for growth and repair.
Components of the circulatory system
Heart, blood vessels, and blood, all work together to deliver nutrients and oxygen.
Function of the heart
Keeps blood mobile, providing cells with oxygen and nutrients.
Arteries
Thick-walled vessels that pump oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Veins
Similar to arteries but with thinner walls and one-way valves directing blood to the heart.
Capillaries
Thinnest blood vessels, one cell thick, connecting arteries and veins.
Natural pacemaker
Sinoatrial node controls the heart's rhythm by sending electrical signals.
What are sound waves?
Waves created through object vibration that are not visible to the human eye.
What are light waves?
Forms of moving energy made of particles called photons.
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of a moving object.
What is gravitational force?
Force keeping objects bound to the Earth.
What is electrostatic force?
The force between electrically charged objects.
Compliance
Ability to adapt and respond to pressure or stress.
Gravity ratios
Comparison of gravitational force on different planets.
Mitosis
Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Photosynthesis Word Equation
Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen.
Chemical energy
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds.
Kinetic energy formula
KE = ½ x mass x velocity squared.
Gravitational potential energy formula
GPE = Mass x Gravity x Height.
Specific heat capacity
Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Nutrient transport
Process by which nutrients and oxygen are delivered to cells in the body.
Pollination
Process by which pollen is transferred to fertilize plants.
Oxygen transportation
Oxygen is carried by red blood cells and dissolved in plasma.
What is thermal energy?
Internal energy present in a system due to its temperature.
What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
Controls heart rhythm by sending electrical signals.
What role do capillaries play?
Connect arteries and veins and facilitate substance exchange.
What is the fluid part of blood?
Plasma that carries dissolved nutrients, hormones, and waste.
What are blood cells?
The solid part of blood that includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What is heat in physics?
A form of energy that transfers between a system and its surroundings.
What is sound in physics?
Vibration that travels through air, water, or solid materials.
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