Two tubes: Xylem + phloem (the tissue including both is called the vascular bundle)
Xylem – Moves water to the leaves (only up)
Phloem – Transports glucose up and down the leaves

Stabilize the plant
Store glucose
Absorb water and salt

Stems

The vascular bundle is present throughout the stems of plants

Holds flowers and leaves
Used for the transportation of nutrients

Leaves

The leaves contain tiny holes called stomata allowing carbon dioxide in and releasing excess oxygen, these holes are opened and closed by the guard cells

Photosynthesis
Gas exchange

Flowers

Pollination

Focus 4

What

Role

Materials needed

Word equation

Photosynthesis

To produce glucose

Respiration

To convert the produced glucose into energy

Focus 5

How scientific interventions are used to increase food production

Fun Park physics

Focus 1

Type

Example

Light

e.g. The lights on the side of a roller coaster

Heat

e.g. Friction

Mechanical

e.g. Using kitchen appliances

Gravitational

e.g. A ball falling when dropped

Electrical

e.g. A battery

Sound

e.g. Whooshing sounds on a roller coaster

Chemical

e.g. A apple

Kinetic

e.g. A moving car

Types of waves

Sound waves

Sound waves are created through objects vibration and produce waves not visible to the human eye.

Light waves

Light waves are forms of moving energy made of tiny, microscopic particles called photons.

Focus 2

Conservation of Energy law: The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Roller Coaster Dynamics: Roller coasters convert potential energy (at the top of a hill) into kinetic energy (as they descend).

What

How

Weight

Mass x Gravity

Mass

Weight/Gravity

For a mass of 4.5 kg:

Weight = 4.5 kg×9.8 m/s

= 44.1 N

½ x mass x velocity squared

GPE

Mass x Gravity (On earth is 9.8) x Height

Gravity ratios

The planet you are calculating/gravity on the other planet

e.g., Acceleration due to gravity on earth is 9.8m/s squared. How much would a person weigh on Venus, where the acceleration due to gravity is 8.9m/squared.

Ratio= 8.9/9.8=0.9082

= 0.91

Therefore, the gravity on Venus is 91% of the strength of that on Earth.

Focus 3

A force is a push, pull, or twist applied to one object from another, forces are only measured in Newtons. Forces can start, speed up, change direction, change shape, and stop objects, affecting the object to which it is applied.

Types of Forces:

Contact Forces: Require one object to touch another (e.g., cricket ball and bat).

Non-contact Forces: Act without the objects touching (e.g., gravity).

Non-contact forces

Gravitational force

Keeps you bound to the floor and the surface of the Earth.

Magnetic force

The force of a magnet pulling on some metallic objects; can attract or repel.

Electrostatic force

The force applied between electrically charged objects (e.g., causing hair to stand up when you rub a balloon against it).

Focus 4

What is friction: Friction is a force that resists or prevents the motion of two surfaces in contact.

Friction's Effects: Heat, wear, and tear on surfaces.

Reducing Friction: Using lubricants like grease and oil, Streamlining objects or vehicles, and using rollers or ball bearings.

Surface Characteristics: Smooth surfaces provide less friction than rough surfaces whereas larger amounts of contact between surfaces result in more friction.

Helpful and Harmful Aspects: Friction can be both beneficial (e.g., allowing for walking) and detrimental (e.g., causing wear).

Focus 5

Unbalanced Forces: When there is a higher force being applied on one side than the other, causing the object or person to move, that means the net force will not be 0 newtons.

Focus 6

Types of charges

What it is

Protons

Positive charge, Located in the nucleus of an atom

Neutrons

Neutral charge, Located in the nucleus of a atom

Electrons

Negative charge, Located at the rim of the atom or cell. Electrons can be rubbed of one material and transferred to another, The material gaining electrons becomes negatively charges, and the material that loses electrons is left with a positive charge.

Focus 7

Measuring Force:

The instrument used to measure force is a force meter or spring balance.
Force is measured in newtons (N).

Net Force:

The net force is the result of subtracting opposing forces; add forces only when they are in the same direction.

*Forces always occur in pairs.

Balanced Forces:

Forces that cancel each other out (e.g., tug of war with equal teams).
The net force is 0 newtons.

Unbalanced Forces:

One side applies more force than the other, causing movement (e.g., tug of war where one team has more players).
The net force is not 0 newtons.

Air Resistance:

As an object's speed increases, air resistance (a form of friction) also increases due to contact with more air particles.

Terminal Velocity:

The constant speed reached when the weight force and air resistance are balanced

Emergency

Focus 1

Role of triage: The role of triage is to assess the severity of an injury/incident to allow doctors to decide the treatment order.

Unicellular organisms: Are organisms only consisting of one type of cell, mitosis will produce an identical copy of the parent cell

Multicellular organisms: Are organisms consisting of more than one type of cell, mitosis helps the organism grow and quickly repair tissue

The Requirements of cells (MEWWIN):

M – Matter

E – Energy source

W – Water

W – Waste removal

I – Irons

N – Nutrients

Focus 2

Components of the circulatory system

Heart

Motor powering movement of blood.
Made of muscle.
Pumps continuously.
Natural pacemaker.

Blood vessels

Spread out from the heart.
Deliver blood to organs and tissues.
Large vessels (arteries).
Blood reaches individual cells, dividing and shrinking to form a network of capillaries.
Capillaries rejoin into large veins.

Blood

Fluid part (plasma).
Solid part (blood cells).
Delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body.
Fluid part carries dissolved nutrients, hormones, and waste.
Oxygen only a little bit is dissolved in the plasma, carried by red blood cells.

Function of the heart:

The heart is essential; it keeps our blood mobile and provides our cells with oxygen and nutrients to survive.

The heart is the motor of the circulatory system. The heart muscle contracts and pumps deoxygenated blood directly into the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated.

Muscle that acts like a pump, size of your fist, located in the left/middle of your chest.
It is a natural pacemaker called the sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium.
Sinoatrial node controls the heart by sending electrical signals, making the heart contract and pump blood.

Arteries, veins and capillaries

Arteries

Arteries have thick muscular walls, to allow for strong pumps of oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Veins

Veins are similar in size to arteries but have less muscle in their walls, veins contain one-way valves preventing any blood going backwards, the veins pump blood towards and into the heart.

Capillaries

Capillaries have the thinnest walls of all the blood vessels, their walls are 1 cell thick allowing substances to easily pass through, the capillaries connect the arteries and veins.