Crim Final

Chapters 9-14

Subcultures

Subcultures

Groups that have values and norms distinct from those held by the majority

Examples of Subcultures

Hippies

Goths

Gamers

Cosplayers

Bikers

Otaku

Punks

Ravers

Furries

Survivalists

Swingers

Anti/Pro-gun groups

Activists for different causes

Examples of middle class values

Ambition

Constructive use of leisure time

Cultivation of skills

Individual responsibility

Delayed gratification

Deliquent subcultures

Subcultures that have values and norms related to delinquent or criminal behavior.

Focus of control theories

Assume that all people would naturally commit crimes if it weren't for restraints on their innate selfish tendencies

Control theories are concerned with why individuals don't commit crime or deviant behaviors.

Automatic spontaneity

Animals stop eating when they are full, and they are content until they are hungry again.

Awakened reflection

Humans do not have an internal, regulatory mechanism, because they often acquire resources beyond what is immediately required.

Collective conscience

Extent of similarities that people share; can be seen as an early form of the idea of social bonding.

Establishes rules that keep individuals from following their natural tendenciestoward selfish behavior.

Reiss Factors

1-Family: The primary source for discouragement of deviant predispositions. A sound family environment would provide for an individual's needs and the essential emotional bonds important in socializing individuals.

2-Close supervision for delinquency: Individuals must be closely monitored for delinquent behavior and adequately disciplined when they break the rules.

3-Personal factors such as the ability to restrain impulses and delay gratification.

Stakes in conformity

Applies to virtually all control theories

Refers to the extent to which individuals have investments in conventional society

Higher the stake in conformity = lower likelihood of criminal offending

Supported by empirical studies

Emphasis on peer influences in motivating and inhibiting antisocial behavior

Nye’s three Components

1-Internal control: Assists in the development of a conscience; formed through social interaction.
2-Direct control: A wide range of constraints on individual propensities to commit deviant acts.
3-Indirect control: Occurs when individuals are strongly attached to their early caregivers.

Outer/External Containment:

The social environment in which the individual lives and reflects community socialization.

Inner/Internal Containment:

Control the indivdual no matter how much the enviornment changes

Soft determinism

The assumption that both determinism and free will play a role in offenders' decisions to engage in criminal behavior

Subterranean values

Norms individuals have been socialized to accept in certain contexts in a given society. (Professional wrestling, boxing, or UFC are popular forms of entertainment, even though violence is viewed negatively.)

Social bonding theory

Assumes that individuals are predisposed to commit crime

The conventional bond formed with the individual prevents or reduces their offending

Constructs of the conventional bond

1-Attachment: Affectionate bonds between an individual and their significant others; vital for the internalization of 2-conventional values (Hirschi believed this was most important).

2-Commitment: Investment a person has in conventional 4-society; having too much versus nothing to lose.

3-Involvement: Time spent in conventional activities.

4-Beliefs: Moral beliefs concerning the laws and rules of society.

Control deficit

Individuals are more controlled and more likely to commit defiant acts.

Control surplus

Individuals possess an excessive level of control and are more likely to commit acts of exploitation.

Pagan’s Power Control Theory

1-assumes that mothers will be less likely to exert control on their daughters in balanced households

2-Balanced households will be less likely to experience gender differences

3-Unbalanced households are more likely to suppress criminal activity in daughters and increase it in sons.

General theory of crime main points

1-Age was one of the correlates

2-Behaviors begin in early life, so theories that focus only on adolescence are incomplete

Low self- control characteristics

Impulsive

Insensitive

Physical

Risk-takeing

Short-sighted

Non-verbal

Self-centered

Quick-tempered

Self- control theory

tendency to ignore costs in favor of short-term benefits.

Units of analysis in the devlopmental theory

Onset—when the offender first begins offending

Frequency—how often the individual offends

Intensity—degree of seriousness of the offenses they commit

Duration—length of an individual's criminal career

Desistence—when an individual stops committing crime

Persistence—how consistent the individual's offending rate is over time

Other aspects of the individual's criminal career

Sampson and Laub’s age graded theory

developed the age-crime curve that indicates that criminal behavior declines with age and that theories need to begin with a focus on childhood rather than adolescence

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

They proposed that social bonds are age-graded in Crime in the Making -Age-Graded

Reasons for why people stop offending

marriage, employment, military service, age

Factors in sampson and laub

1-Early antisocial tendencies among individuals

2-Social structure factors—family structure and poverty might lead to problems in social and educational development

3-Influence of delinquent peers or siblings

Mofitts devlopmental taxonomy

whether neuropsychological deficits in pre-adolescents could predict later delinquency and violence in adolescence.

Devlopmental taxonomy

proposed that the age crime curve consisted of two distinct offender groups. She said that criminal behavior is caused by two different causal paths:

Adolescence-limited offenders

Life-course-persistent offenders

Loeber's Pathways to Crime theory

three pathways for problem behavior:

1-Overt pathway: Begins with minor aggression and continues through to violence.

2-Authority conflict pathway: Begins with stubborn behavior but ends simply with authority avoidance or running away.

3-Covert pathway: Begins with minor covert behavior or shoplifting and graduates to more serious delinquency.

Conflict theories

Assume that all societies are in a process of constant change, which inevitably creates conflicts among various groups.

Much of the conflict is due to the competition to have each group's interests promoted, protected, and put into law.

Groups tend to differ significantly in the amount of power or resources that they have.

Laws can be created and enforced so that powerful groups can exert dominance over the weaker groups.

Bourgeoisie

A class or status that Karl Marx assigned to the dominant and oppressive group that owns the means of production.

They are considered the elite class who own companies, factories, and so on.

Proletariat:

They are the oppressed group of workersexploited by the bourgeoisie.

According to Marx, the proletariat will never truly profit from their efforts because the upper class owns and controls the means of production.

Marxist Theories of crime

Focus on the fact that people from the lower classes are arrested and charged with crimes at a disproportionate rate.

Marxist theories emphasize the effects of a capitalistic society on the way justice is administered.

Types of marxist theories

Instrumental Marxism-Argues that the law and criminal justice system are always instruments to be used by the capitalist class.

Neo-Marxist theories- are often referred to as critical theories.

structural Marxism-Grants the government a degree of political autonomy (at least in the short term).

Chivarly

Behaviors and attitudes toward certain individuals that treat them like they are on a pedestal.

Chivalrous behavior is more complex than just preferential treatment.

Engaging in a chivalrous relationship usually entails a bartering system in which men hold a more powerful status than women do.

Paternalism

Denotes that women need to be protected for their own good.

Implies independence for men and dependence for women.

Patriarchy

The Latin word pater refers to the social role of a father.

Patriarchal societies exclude women from the exercise of political responsibilities.

Patriarchy is a social, legal, and political climate based on dominance and hierarchy of men.

A key aspect is that women's nature is biologically determined.

Liberal Feminism

Assumed that differences between men and women in offending were due to the lack of opportunities for women in education and employment.

As more women were given such opportunities, they would come to resemble men in terms of offending.

The gender ratio still remains large.

Increases in female offending are not due to women committing more "male" crimes.

Increases in crime have been observed in property and public order crimes, but they are committed by girls or women who have not benefited from increased freedom and rights.

two types of liberal feminist

classical and welfare

Critical or radical feminism

Emphasizes the idea that many societies are based on a structure of patriarchy in which men dominate every aspect of society, including politics, family structure, and the economy.

Radical feminism evolved from the Women's Liberation Movement.

It emphasizes the importance of personal feelings, experiences, and relationships.

Gender is a system of dominance by men, and women's biology is the main cause of patriarchy.

The cause of gender inequality is based on men's need or desire to control women's sexuality and reproductive potential.

Jody Miller: getting paid

Said there is a convergence of race and genderwithin structurally disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Based on extensive interviews of African American youth from poor, inner-city areas of St. Louis.

Examines physical and sexual victimization of girls and women in social settings and in public.

Emphasizes set of values that rewards men for public displays of violence and sexual prowess

Toby's Concept of Stake in Conformity

Individuals were more inclined to act on their natural inclinations when the controls on them were weak

Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory

Assumes that individuals are predisposed to commit crime

The conventional bond formed with the individual prevents or reduces their offending

Integrated theory

Combine two or more theories into one model.

End-to-End (or sequential) Integration

Conveys the linkage of the theories based on the temporal ordering of two or more theories in their causal timing. appears to be a form of theoretical elaboration-- it uses a traditional theory as the framework for the theoretical model but also adds concepts or propositions from other theories.

Limitations of integrated theories

Two or more theories that only focus on more immediate causes of crime would be harder to combine because they would compete against each other for being the primary direct cause of criminal activity.

Side-by-Side Integration

A type of theoretical integration in which cases are classified by a certain criterion and two or more theories are considered parallel explanations based on what type of case is being considered. Side-by-side integration shows how two different theories can each be accurate, based on the type of individual or criminal activity.

Up-and-Down (or deductive) Integration

Often involves increasing the level of ideas from a single theory so that hypotheses seem to follow from a conceptually broader theory.

Two prevalent forms taken by up-and-down integration:

Theoretical reduction

Theoretical synthesis

Theoretical reduction

Done when theory A contains more abstract or general assumptions than theory B

Key parts of theory B can be accommodated within the structure of theory A

Critics view such reduction as a form of theoretical imperialism, because the theory being reduced loses its unique identity

Theoretical synthesis

Done by extracting more general assumptions from theories A and B, allowing parts of both theories to be incorporated in a new theory C.

Rarely used because it is difficult to achieve successfully and requires the formulation of a new theory with new concepts.

New terminology might have to be created to resolve the differences between competing explanations in the initial theories.

Elliott’s integrated model

The first major integrated perspective proposed that clearly attempted to merge various traditionally separate theories of crime. It attempts to merge strain, social disorganization, control, and social learning or differential association–reinforcement perspectives. It seeks to explain delinquency, particularly in terms of drug use and other forms of deviant behavior

micro-micro level analysis

all component theories making up the synthesized model refer to the individual as the unit of analysis

Do not typically account for differences in criminality across groups

Macro level theory

explain the “big picture” of crime—crime across the world or across a society.

Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming theory:

Begins with an individual (micro) level theory of social control and bonding (interdependency) and then relates levels of this concept to a group (or macro) level theory of bonding (communitarianism).

Conceptual integration

A type of theoretical integration in which a theoretical perspective consumes or uses concepts from many other theoretical models. Its goal is to merge the primary constructs of two or more theories into a more general framework that aids in explaining behavior by unifying terms that represent similar issues.

Elliott’s Integrated Model

Attempts to merge strain, social disorganization, control, and social learning and differential association-reinforcement perspectives

Seeks to explain delinquency in terms of drug use and other forms of deviant behavior

Key factors predisposing people to criminal behavior

Failing to achieve one’s goals

Coming from a disadvantaged neighborhood

The tendency of many low-income households to lack adequate socialization

Thornberry’s Interactional Theory

First to emphasize reciprocal, or feedback, effects in the causal modeling of the theoretical framework.

Combines social control and social learning models

Thornberry asserted that both theories try to explain criminality in a straightforward, causal process and are largely targeted toward a certain age population.

five primary theoretical constructs

Commitment to school

Attachment to parents

Belief in conventional value

Adoption of delinquent values

Association with delinquent peers