AP Psych Test One

MrMac test, Norwin High

Functionalism

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Wilhelm Wundt

established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Had people press a button when they heard a sound, and when they were aware of hearing the sound; being aware of one's awareness takes longer.

Structuralism

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

Edward Titchener

was Wundt's student and later joined the Cornell University faculty and introduced structuralism.

empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with but not with.

humanistic psychology

a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes.

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

behavioral

How we learn observable responses

Biological

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences

Cognitive

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Evolutionary

How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

Humanistic

How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self fulfillment

psychodynamic

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Social-cultural

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning-humans can train humans and other animals to perform a whole range of tasks and skills through positive reinforcement. He yielded quantifiable data on how organisms learned and how we can predict and control the learning outcome. Rat in Box with leaver and treats

Stanly Milgram

obedience - people tend to obey authority figures; 61%-65% of participants thought they delivered the max possible level of shock. Teacher(shocker), student(shocked), administrator(Test conductor)

Danial Frank

found that he could get his subjects to perform the oddest of acts because he wore a white lab coat

Solomon Asch

Conformity- the subject would conform to the wrong answer if the group did it

David Rosenhan

diagnosis of mental illness. "fake" psychiatric patient study. He told his friends to say they are hearing a voice saying thud, because of its obvious cartoon angst. treated horribly in psychiatric facilities. DSM-5

Oskar Pfungst

found that Hans the horse who was thought to be able to do math was only reading social cues

Darly and Latane

Diffusion of responsibility and bystander effect. After the Genovese case studies found that Only 31% of people acted in emergencies. In big groups less acted, but in smaller groups 85% of people acted to help the epileptic student. Smoke in the vents, If others did not react the subject would also ignore it.

Werther effect

after a well published suicide the numbers of plane and car crashes go up, in some cases the suicide rates also rise

Arther Beaman

if you educate people on social cueing, pluralistic ignorance and the bystander effect you inoculate them against this behavior in the future

Leon Festinger

cognitive dissonance. Paid people $1 or $20 to lie and those who were paid $1 were more likely to believe the lie that those who received $20. It is much harder to lie for $1, but since you already pocketed the money you bring your beliefs into alignment with the lie.

Harry Harlow

contact comfort-the physical and emotional comfort that an infant receives from being in physical contact with its mother. rhesus monkeys when separated from mothers would cling to surrogate terrycloth mothers.

Bruce Alexander

Rat Park, environment causes addiction, drugs aren't addictive, rat Park rats didn't want morphine and didn't have serious withdrawals. many people don't believe his theories

Olds and Milner

Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" studies in rats. cut open a rats head and strapped electrodes to their brains

Elizabeth Loftus

False memory-recollection that seems real in your mind but is fabricated in part or in whole. Would show people videos and then ask them if they remembered something that was not in the video, the subjects would agree that they did see that thing. Lost in the mall study, 25% believed they had been lost in a mall. Challenger explosion witnesses would change their recollection of the event 3 years after.

Porter

Made 50% of people believe they were violently attacked by an animal in childhood.

Validity

the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

Reliability

refers to a test yielding consistent results

Priming

can sway someone to respond a certain way

Confirmation Bias

a way that clouds our thought processes that makes us think differently than we might intend

To determine a cause and effect relationship we must

conduct an experiment

Lewis Terman

Studied gifted children; Harlow worked under him

Cognative Dissonance

a mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don't line up with your actions