Studied by 17 people
Functionalism
early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Wilhelm Wundt
established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Had people press a button when they heard a sound, and when they were aware of hearing the sound; being aware of one's awareness takes longer.
Structuralism
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
Edward Titchener
was Wundt's student and later joined the Cornell University faculty and introduced structuralism.
empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
experimental psychology
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.
behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with but not with.
humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes.
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
behavioral
How we learn observable responses
Biological
How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
Cognitive
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Evolutionary
How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
Humanistic
How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self fulfillment
psychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Social-cultural
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning-humans can train humans and other animals to perform a whole range of tasks and skills through positive reinforcement. He yielded quantifiable data on how organisms learned and how we can predict and control the learning outcome. Rat in Box with leaver and treats
Stanly Milgram
obedience - people tend to obey authority figures; 61%-65% of participants thought they delivered the max possible level of shock. Teacher(shocker), student(shocked), administrator(Test conductor)
Danial Frank
found that he could get his subjects to perform the oddest of acts because he wore a white lab coat
Solomon Asch
Conformity- the subject would conform to the wrong answer if the group did it
David Rosenhan
diagnosis of mental illness. "fake" psychiatric patient study. He told his friends to say they are hearing a voice saying thud, because of its obvious cartoon angst. treated horribly in psychiatric facilities. DSM-5
Oskar Pfungst
found that Hans the horse who was thought to be able to do math was only reading social cues
Darly and Latane
Diffusion of responsibility and bystander effect. After the Genovese case studies found that Only 31% of people acted in emergencies. In big groups less acted, but in smaller groups 85% of people acted to help the epileptic student. Smoke in the vents, If others did not react the subject would also ignore it.
Werther effect
after a well published suicide the numbers of plane and car crashes go up, in some cases the suicide rates also rise
Arther Beaman
if you educate people on social cueing, pluralistic ignorance and the bystander effect you inoculate them against this behavior in the future
Leon Festinger
cognitive dissonance. Paid people $1 or $20 to lie and those who were paid $1 were more likely to believe the lie that those who received $20. It is much harder to lie for $1, but since you already pocketed the money you bring your beliefs into alignment with the lie.
Harry Harlow
contact comfort-the physical and emotional comfort that an infant receives from being in physical contact with its mother. rhesus monkeys when separated from mothers would cling to surrogate terrycloth mothers.
Bruce Alexander
Rat Park, environment causes addiction, drugs aren't addictive, rat Park rats didn't want morphine and didn't have serious withdrawals. many people don't believe his theories
Olds and Milner
Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" studies in rats. cut open a rats head and strapped electrodes to their brains
Elizabeth Loftus
False memory-recollection that seems real in your mind but is fabricated in part or in whole. Would show people videos and then ask them if they remembered something that was not in the video, the subjects would agree that they did see that thing. Lost in the mall study, 25% believed they had been lost in a mall. Challenger explosion witnesses would change their recollection of the event 3 years after.
Porter
Made 50% of people believe they were violently attacked by an animal in childhood.
Validity
the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Reliability
refers to a test yielding consistent results
Priming
can sway someone to respond a certain way
Confirmation Bias
a way that clouds our thought processes that makes us think differently than we might intend
To determine a cause and effect relationship we must
conduct an experiment
Lewis Terman
Studied gifted children; Harlow worked under him
Cognative Dissonance
a mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don't line up with your actions
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