1800s

Lewis and Clark

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson)The explorers who were sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase. They were sent mainly to find a water route connecting the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean.

Orders in Council

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson) established a blockade of part of the continent of Europe and prohibited trade with France, unless American vessels went to British ports for licenses for trade.

Yeomen farmers

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson)small landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves

Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion

1800s (Prez Adams&Jefferson)A literate black slave that lived in the Richmond area launched a large scale slave revolt, make slaves' lives harder

Judicial Review

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson)gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional, important tool for providing redress and holding government to account

Marbury v Madison

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson)Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution.

Embargo Act

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson) forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men. eventually led to the War of 1812.

Louisiana Purchase

1800s (Prez Adams&Jefferson)Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France.

impressment

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson)the forcible enlistment of soldiers, alone some six thousand United States citizens were impressed by the "piratical man-stealers" of England. This was one of the major causes of the war of 1812.

interchangeable parts

1800s(Prez Adams&Jefferson)allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost, and made repair and replacement of parts infinitely easier.

Treaty of Ghent

1810s (Prez Madison) Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade.

Hartford Convention

1810s(Prez Madison) the Hartford Convention argued for the right to judge the constitutionality of federal legislation and threatened to secede but failed and split federalist party

Adams-Onis Treaty

1810s(Prez Madison) Spain gave US Florida in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas.

War Hawks

1810s(Prez Madison) pushed for war against Britain to punish them for hurting American prestige and to stop the alleged British instigation of American Indians upon American settlers. But most importantly they wanted to seize control of British Canada, which was still controlled by the King of England.

American System

1810s(Prez Madison) tariffs to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to control the money supply and foster commerce; federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements"

American Colonization Society

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams)reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves

Missouri Compromise

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams)Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, Maine entered as a free state, and the 36'30" line was established as the dividing line regarding slavery for the remainder of the Louisiana Territory.

Era of Good Feelings

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams)rising nationalism, era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System.

Tariff of Abominations

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams)The tariff sought to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports; however, the resulting tax on foreign goods would raise the cost of living in the South and would cut into the profits of New England's industrialists.

South Carolina Exposition

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams) Calhoun anonymously wrote ,articulated the doctrine of nullification. The doctrine emphasized a state's right to reject federal laws within its borders and questioned the constitutionality of taxing imports without the explicit goal of raising revenue.

Monroe Doctrine

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams) indicating that further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act

corrupt bargain

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams) Henry Clay, a fiery rival of Jackson, teamed up with John Quincy Adams to forge a coalition that secured Adams's seat in the White House.

Erie Canal

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams)allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Lowell/Walthan System/Lowell girls

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams)female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell, MA, during the Industrial Revolution in the US.

Gibbons v Ogden

1820s(Prez Monroe& QuincyAdams)forbade states from enacting any legislation that would interfere with Congress's right to regulate commerce among the separate states.

Bank war

1830s(Prez Jackson) between President Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle, president of BUS, charter to renew BUS. Jackson didn't like BUS bc he felt that the Bank put too much power in the hands of too few private citizens

spoils system/rotation in office

1830s(Prez Jackson) a practice that placed party supporters into government positions and RiO limits the number of terms that an individual can serve in a particular role.

Second Great Awakening

1830s(Prez Jackson) a religious revival to restore a simpler form of Christianity and social reform movements, especially abolitionism and temperance.

Transcendentalism

1830s(Prez Jackson) beliefs were that humans are inherently good but can be corrupted by society and institutions, insight and experience and more important than logic, spirituality should come from the self, not organized religion, and nature is beautiful and should be respected.

gag rule

1830s(Prez Jackson) prevented the reception and consideration of any petition protesting slavery.

John C. Calhoun

1830s(Prez Jackson) defender of slavery, and was the Senate's most prominent states' rights advocate, and his doctrine of nullification said that states had a right to reject federal policies that they deemed unconstitutional.

abolitionists

1830s(Prez Jackson) a person who sought to abolish slavery

Charles River Bridge case

1830s(Prez Jackson) The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. Supreme Court ruled that a charter granted by a state to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. it asserted the rights of the government to control the waters of a river and the profit that could be made from travel over those waters.

DeTocqueville/Democracy in America

1830s(Prez Jackson) believed the United States offered the most advanced example of equality in action.

removal of deposits

1830s(Prez Jackson) Part of Jackson's plan to diminish the Second Bank of the United States in which he tried to remove government deposits from the bank.

Trail of Tears

1830s(Prez Jackson) part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.

Dorothea Dix

1830s(Prez Jackson) wanted to improve the conditions of the poor and insane in asylums

nullification

1830s(Prez Jackson) a movement that campaigned against the Tariff of 1828. Supporters of the Crisis, also known as "nullies," stood by the belief that states had the right to nullify federal laws as written in the Constitution.

William Lloyd Garrison/Liberator

1830s(Prez Jackson) white abolitionist that wrote the most popular anti-slavery newspaper

Worcester v Georgia

1830s(Prez Jackson) Worcester is missionary that argued Cherokee Nation was a separate political entity that could not be regulated by the state of georgia and Supreme Court upheld it

Whigs/2nd American Party System

1830s(Prez Jackson) wanted a protective tariff, federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure, and support for a national bank.

Apologist's view of slavery

1830s(Prez Jackson) it was not a necessary evil, but a positive good.

Force Act

1830s(Prez Jackson) series of four acts passed by Republican Reconstruction supporters to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to Black people by the 14th and 15th Amendments.

Independent Treasury

1830s(Prez Jackson) complete separation of government from banking

Specie Circular

1830s(Prez Jackson) an executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver

cult of domesticity/true womanhood

1840s (Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)attempted to define gender roles in the nineteenth century by limiting women to a domestic sphere.

Manifest Destiny

1840s(Prez VanBuren, HenryHarrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)philosophy that the United States had a God-given right to "overspread" the continent.

James K. Polk

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon, opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system.

Neal Dow

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors; prohibition reform began.

Lucretia Mott

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor) Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention, She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in

Oregon Territory

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)Oregon stretched from the north tip of California to the 54 40 line. England and the U.S. claimed it. England had good reasons for its claims north of the Columbia River. Americans also had good reasoning because they populated it much more.

John Slidell

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)sent to Mexico to negotiate an agreement that the Rio Grande River would be the southern border of Texas. Instructed to offer 30 million for California. Mexico denied Slidell's mission and war was declared on May 13 1846.

Commonwealth v Hunt

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade. Although this decision made strikes legal, it did not bring significant changes in the rights of laborers because many Massachusetts judges still considered unions illegal.

Horace Mann

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)fought for better schools and is the "Father of Public Education"

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)agreed on a division of disputed territory, agreed on the boundary line through the Great Lakes to the Lake of the Woods; and agreed on provisions for open navigation in several bodies of water

Prigg v Pennsylvania

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Mexican American War

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor) was sparked by a dispute over the annexation of Texas by the United States and a long-standing dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico

Mormons

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

free soilers

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscious Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories & advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers.

American Anti-slavery Society

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)sponsored speaking tours of orators, including Frederick Douglass, and published antislavery books, newspapers, and pamphlets

Seneca Falls Convention

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)first women's rights convention in the United States, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted The Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women's equality and suffrage

Maine Laws

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor) first required implementation of the developing temperance movement in the United States

Irish immigration

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)came in multitudes during the Potato Famine, because the Irish did not come to the U.S. with enough money to buy land, they mostly remained in the northeastern port cities.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor) a peace treaty between the United States and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War. Under the terms of the treaty, Mexico ceded a large portion of its territory to the United States

Wilmot Proviso

1840s(Prez VanBuren, Henry Harrison, Tyler, Polk,Taylor)Bill proposed after the Mexican War that stated that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any territory gained from Mexico. It was never passed through both houses but it transformed the debate of slavery.

Dred Scott v Sandford

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) supreme court ruled that living in a free state and territory did not entitle an enslaved person, Dred Scott, to his freedom.

Fugitive Slave Law

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) said runaway slaves who escaped can be arrested and more.

Gadsden Purchase

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) James Gadsden bought Mexican land for $10 million after the war. The purpose of this was so they could build a railroad to California and abolitionists didn't like bc feared the new territories would become slave states. Supporters disappointed because the new lands were too mountainous for their project.

bleeding Kansas

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) describes the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854.

Sumner-Brooks Affair

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) Representative Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery Democrat from South Carolina, used a walking cane to attack Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Republican from Massachusetts.

Freeport Doctrine

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) states that a territory could determine whether to allow or not allow slavery based on Popular Sovereignty, where the authority of the government is based on the consent of the people. He believed it be a compromise between pro-slavery and anti-slavery positions.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) Britain and US agree to share panama canal and make it international

Lincoln-Douglas debates

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) series of debates where Lincoln's eloquent and bold statement of the Republican Party's position on slavery, established him as a figure of national importance.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) it widened the chasm between the North and the South, greatly strengthened Northern abolitionism, and weakened British sympathy for the Southern cause

Nashville Convention

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) adopted 28 resolutions defending slavery and the right of all Americans to migrate to the Western territories.

Know Nothing/American Party

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) political party that strongly opposed anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery.

Republican party/3rd Am. Party System

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) anti slavery leaders from Democratic, Whig, and Free-Soil parties joined forces to oppose the extension of slavery into the Kansas-Nebraska Act

antebellum

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) before civil war era

Underground Railroad

1850s(Prez Filmore, Pierce, Buchanan) a network of people, both whites and free Blacks, who worked together to help runaways from slaveholding states travel to states in the North and to the country of Canada, where slavery was illegal.

Emancipation Proclamation

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten Confederate states still in rebellion (not effective because they were at war). It also decreed that freed slaves could be enlisted in the Union Army, thereby increasing the Union's available manpower.

Trent Affair

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) brought England and the Union to the brink of war, which was averted by the return of the Confederate envoys who had been seized by the Union navy from the British vessel Trent.

Homestead Act

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land.

Battle of Antietam

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater and gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

Crittenden Compromise

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) reinstate the Missouri Compromise line, forbid the abolition of slavery on federal land in slaveholding states, compensate owners for runaway slaves, etc.

Molly MaGuires

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) secret organization of coal miners supposedly responsible for acts of terrorism in the coalfields of Pennsylvania and West Virginia,

"forty acres and a mule"

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson)federal government's failure to redistribute land after the Civil War and the economic hardship that African Americans suffered as a result.

National Labor Union

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) organized skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and reformers into a coalition that would pressure Congress to pass a law limiting the workday to eight hours.

crop lien system

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) armers could get fertilizer, farming equipment, groceries, and other goods by giving merchants a lien on their cash crops, the most desirable being cotton and tobacco.

Granger Laws

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson)coalition of U.S. farmers, particularly in the Middle West, that fought monopolistic grain transport practice

Morrill Land Grant Act

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson)provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in "agriculture and the mechanic arts."

National Banking Act

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) to create a market for war bonds, to reestablish the central banking system destroyed during President Andrew Jackson's administration, and to develop a stable bank-note currency.

nature of the union

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) Lincoln said the union was not just a structure to govern the national interests of American states; it also represented a consensus about the future of freedom in America

13th amendment

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) The abolishment of slavery.

14th amendment

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) Equal protection under the Constitution for all United States citizens.

15th amendment

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) No voting discrimination of race.

radical reconstruction

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) Black people gained rights

Seward's Folly

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) alaska purchase that seward was ridiculed for

sharecropping

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop.

Tenure of Office Act

1860s(Lincoln,Johnson) forbid the president to remove civil officers without senatorial consent