ToP

pesonality

one's social skills, charisma, and popularity

theory

a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis

psychology of science

studies the personal characteristics of theorists

reliability

refers to a measuring instrument's consistency

validity

refers to a measuring instrument's accuracy or truthfulness

Freud: Psychoanalysis

psychodynamic theory that postulated the primacy of sex and aggression, attracted a group of followers dedicated to spreading psychoanalytic doctrine, and advanced the notion of unconscious motives

unconscious

preconscious

conscious

levels of mental life according to Freud

unconscious

level of mental life according to Freud that includes drives and instincts that are beyond awareness but that motivate most human behaviors

phylogenetic endowment

inherited experiences that lie beyond an individual's personal experience

preconscious

level of mental life according to Freud that contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty

conscious

level of mental health according to Freud that stem from either the perception of external stimuli or from the unconscious and preconscious after they have evaded censorship

id

ego

superego

provinces of the mind according to Freud

id

province of the mind according to Freud which is completely unconscious, serves the pleasure principle and contains out basic instincts

ego

province of the mind according to Freud governed by the reality principle and is responsible for reconciling the unrealistic demands of the id and the superego

superego

province of the mind according to Freud which serves the idealistic principle

conscience

ego-ideal

subsystems of the superego

conscience

subsystem of the superego that results from punishment for improper behavior

ego-ideal

sub-system of the superego that stems from rewards for socially acceptable behavior

sexual instinct

instinct according to Freud that aims pleasure, which can be gained through erogenous zones, especially the mouth, anus, and genitals

sexual

destructive or aggression

group of primary instinct of all human drives or urges according to Freud

dynamics of personality

forces that motivate people

destructive instinct

instinct according to Freud that aims to return a person to an inorganic state, but it is ordinarily directed against other people and is called aggression

defense mechanisms

operate to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety according to Freud

repression

undoing and isolation

reaction formation

displacement

fixation

regression

projection

introjection

sublimation

defense mechanisms according to Freud

repression

defense mechanism according to Freud that involves forcing unwanted, anxiety-loaded experiences into the unconscious

undoing

defense mechanism according to Freud which is the ego's attempt to do away with unpleasant experiences and their consequences, usually by means of repetitious ceremonial actions

isolation

defense mechanism according to Freud that is marked by obsessive thoughts and involve the ego's attempt to isolate an experience by surrounding it with a blacked-out region of insensibility

reaction formation

defense mechanism according to Freud marked by the repression of one impulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite

displacement

defense mechanism according to Freud that takes place when people redirect their unwanted urges onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse

fixation

defense mechanism according to Freud that develops when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, making psychological change difficult

regression

defense mechanism according to Freud that occurs whenever a person reverts to earlier, more infantile modes of behavior

projection

defense mechanism according to Freud that is seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or behaviors that actually reside in one's own unconscious

paranoia

characterized by delusions of persecution

introjection

defense mechanism according to Freud that takes place when people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority

sublimation

defense mechanism according to Freud that involves the elevation of the sexual instinct's aim to a higher level, which permit people to make contributions to society and culture

infantile period

latency period

genital period

maturity

stages of development according to Freud

infantile period

stage of development according to Freud that encompasses the first 4 to 5 years of life

oral phase

anal phase

phallic phase

subphases of infantile period

oral phase

subphase of infantile period where an infant is primarily motivated to receive pleasure through the mouth

anal phase

subphase of infantile period that occurs during the second year of life

phallic phase

subphase of infantile period where boys and girls begin to have differing psychosexual development

Oedipus complex

sexual feelings for one parent and hostile feelings for the others

latency period

stage of development according to Freud about 5 until puberty-in which the sexual instinct is partially suppressed

genital period

stage of development according to Freud that begins with puberty, when adolescents experience a reawakening of the genital aim of Eros

maturity

stage of development according to Freud in which the ego would be in control of the id and superego and in consciousness would play a more important role in behavior

Freud's Psychotherapy

aims to uncover repressed memories, and the therapist uses dream analysis and free association to do so

Freud's Concept of Humanity

deterministic and pessimistic; emphasized causality over teleology; unconscious over conscious; biology over culture; middle position on the uniqueness versus similarities among people

Adler: Individual Psychology

advocated a theory of personality that was nearly diametrically opposed to that of Freud

success or superiority

the sole dynamic force behind people's action according to Adler

the final goal

unifies personality and makes all behavior meaningful according to Adler

compensation

because people are born with small inferior bodies, they feel inferior and attempt to overcome these feelings through their natural tendency to move toward completion according to Adler

superiority

what psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for with little concern for other people according to Adler

success

what psychologically healthy people strive for for all of humanity according to Adler

fictions

are people's expectations of the future that guide behavior because people act as if these fictions are true according to Adler

organ inferiority

move people toward perfection or completion according to Adler

organ dialect

people often use a physical disorder to express style of life according to Adler

social interest

the sole criterion of human values and the worthiness of all one's actions must be seen by this standard according to Adler

style of life

the manner of a person's striving according to Adler

creative power

ability to freely choose a course of action according to Adler

set goals too high

dogmatic style of life

live in their own private world

tendencies of people with a useless style of life according to Adler

exaggerated physical deficiencies

pampered style of life

neglected style of life

three factors that relate to abnormal developments according to Adler

safeguarding tendencies

these maintain a neurotic style of life and protect a person from public disgraces according to Adler

excuses

aggression

withdrawal

three principal safeguarding techniques according to Adler

excuses

safeguarding technique according to Adler which allow people to preserve their inflated sense of personal worth

aggression

safeguarding technique according to Adler which may take the form of depreciating others' accomplishments, accusing other of being responsible for one's own failures, or self-accusation

withdrawal

safeguarding technique according to Adler which can be expressed by psychologically moving backward, standing still, hesitating, or constructing objects

masculine protests

both men and women sometimes overemphasize the desirability of being manly according to Adler

family constellation

people's perception of how they fit into their family is related to their style of life according to Adler

firstborns

are most likely to have strong feelings of power and superiority, to be overprotective, and to have more than their share of anxiety according to Adler

second-born

likely to have a strong social interest, provided they do not get trapped trying to overcome their older sibling according to Adler

youngest

likely to be pampered and to lack independence according to Adler

only child

has some of the characteristics of both the oldest and the youngest according to Adler

Adlerian Therapy

aims to create a relationship between therapist and patient that fosters social interest

Adler's Concept of Humanity

sees people as forward moving, social animals motivated by goals they set bot consciously and unconsciously for the future

Jung: Analytical Psychology

believes that people are extremely complex beings who possess a variety of opposing qualities

conscious

unconscious

levels of the psyche according to Jung

conscious

level of the psyche according to Jung which are images sensed by the ego

unconscious

level of the psyche according to Jung that refers to those psychic images not sensed by the ego

personal unconscious

collective unconscious

2 divisions of the unconscious according to Jung

personal unconscious

division of the unconscious where processes flow from our personal experience according to Jung

collective unconscious

refer to our innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited predisposition toward action according to Jung

archetypes

originated through the repeated experiences of our ancestors and that they are expressed in certain types of dreams, fantasies, delusions, and hallucinations according to Jung

persona

archetype according to Jung which is the side of our personality that we show to others

shadow

archetype according to Jung which is the dark side of personality

anima

archetype according to Jung which is the feminine side of men

animus

archetype according to Jung which is the masculine dispositions of women

great mother

archetype of nourishment and destruction according to Jung

wise old man

archetype of wisdom and meaning according to Jung

hero

archetype of the image we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil, but who has a single fatal flaw according to Jung

self

archetype that is the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection according to Jung

self-realization

ultimate in psychological maturity which is symbolized by the mandala according to Jung

progression

involves adaptation to the outside world and the forward flow of psychic energy according to Jung

regression

adaptation to the inner world and the backward flow of psychic energy according to Jung

attitudes

predispositions to act or react in a characteristic manner according to Jung

extraversion

introversion

2 attitude types according to Jung

extraversion

attitude indicating an orientation toward the objective world according to Jung

introversion

attitude which refers to people's subjective perceptions according to Jung

thinking

feeling

sensing

intuition

4 functions according to Jung

thinking

function recognizing the meaning of stimuli according to Jung

feeling

function placing a value on something according to Jung