Cell cycle & Meiosis test

homologous

same pairs of chromosomes

haploid

half the regular amount of chromosomes

meiosis

cell cycle of sex cells

tetrad

2 chromosomes mushed together

synapsis

crossing over

when the chromosomes in tetrads exchange genetic information for genetic variation so that all the chromosomes are different

disjunction

reduction division

binary fission

telophase/cytokinesis that happens in bacterial cells & amoebas

budding

vegetative propagation

somatic cells

body cells

gamete

sex cells

asexual

one parent makes a clone in reproduction

sexual

2 parents make offspring with genetic variation

chromosome

chromatin wound up into X shapes

chromatin

condensed form of chromosomes in the nuclear membrane of cells

cell cycle

cycle all cells go through to grow, develop, and reproduce

interphase (G1, S, G2)

cell spends most time in this phase, it prepares itself for M phase

mitosis

cytokinesis

splitting of cytoplasm in M phase

prophase

sister chromatid

half of a chromosome (in mitosis anaphase) but contains a diploid set of genetic information

centromere

connects sister chromatids in a chromosome

centriole

produces spindles to help chromosomes/sister chromatids move around in metaphase & anaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cell splitting

growth factor

external regulator

internal regulator

apoptosis

a cell bursts when it doesn’t pass through a checkpoint in the cell cycle and is defective

cancer

uncontrolled reproduction of cells, shortened interphase and longer M phase

tumor

a cluster of cells with uncontrolled reproduction rate

metastasis

differentiated/specialized

embryo

diploid

full set of genetic information/chromosomes

cell plate