micro exam 1

bordetella

gram negative

coccobacillus

whopping cough

neisseria

gram negative

coccus

gonorrhea and meningitis

escherichia

gram negative

bacillus

model organism, can be commensal or disease causing

enterobacter

gram negative

bacillus

facultative anaerobe; cause UTI and respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients

klebsiella

gram negative

bacillus

polysaccharide capsule is a virulence factor

pseudomonas

gram negative

bacillus

wound infection and lung infections in CF patients

vibrio

gram negative

curved rod

motile rods, watery diarrhea

yersinia

gram negative

bacillus

bubonic plague

helicobacter

gram negative

spiral shaped

peptic ulcers

borrelia

gram negative

spirochete

lyme disease

mycobacterium

acid fast

waxy coat, resistant to killing by immune cells, TB and Hansen’s disease

streptomyces

gram negative

filamentous bacillus

source of natural antibiotics

bacillus

gram negative

bacillus

spore forming organisms, anthrax

clostridium

gram negative

bacillus

anaerobe, all pathogens

enterococcus

gram positive

diplococcus

anaerobic, found in gut

staphylococcus

gram positive

grape like cluster of cocci

soft tissue infections, MRSA

streptococcus

gram positive

cocci in chains

cause of strep throat

examples of fermented foods

pickles, beer, bread, cheese, wine

benefits of fermentation

enhance taste, extend shelf life, better nutrition (safer)

binomial nomenclature

genus is capitalized

genus can be abbreviated with first letter

italicized

taxonomy

scientific classification of living organisms

based on physical characteristics

which give a better understanding of related-ness of organisms

phylogenetics

problems when classifying microbes

they are small

mostly transparent

few observable features

solutions to problems when classifying microbes

biochemical properties

staining and serology

genetic sequencing

what type of wavelengths have lower energy

longer wavelengths

miasma theory

bad air causes disease

spontaneous generation

life arises from non-living matter (continuously)

cell theory

cells are the fundamental unit of life and come from pre-existing cells

germ theory

disease is caused by microbial infection

needham

boiled meat in open container spontaneously generated life

Spallanzani

boiled met in sealed container did not generate life

Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation

swan neck flask experiment

Semmelweis

hand washing reduces puerperal infections

Snow

cholera bacteria were transmitted in contaminated drinking water

Lister

carbolic acid as disinfectant during surgery

Koch

determined causative agents for many bacterial infections

what is used to transfer genetic material between bacteria

pili

bacterial cell wall components

glycocalyx (carb)

pili (protein)

fimbriae (protein)

flagella (protein)

s-layer (protein)

LPS (lipid)

spore coat (protein)

teichoic acid (lipid)

mycolic acid (lipid)

what type of structures resist desiccation

glycocalyx, spore coat, s-layer, mycolic acid

what structures are only found in dormant cells

spore coat

what two movements do bacteria use to move purposefully toward a nutrient or away from a noxious substance

run and tumble

how does switching between the two produce an overall net movement that benefits the bacteria

longer runs, shorter tumbles

coliform

ferment lactose to produce acid and gas

which group of organisms contain the coliforms

within the gammaproteobacteria

symbiosis

any interactions in a community usually between 2 different species

mutualism

both benefit

amensalism

one is harmed, the other is unaffected

commensalism

one benefits, the other is unaffected

neutralism

both are unharmed

parasitism

one benefits while the other is harmed

what evidence is put forward to support that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from endosymbiosis

double membranes

own DNA

lost genes provided by host

which side of the visible spectrum contains more energetic wavelengths

left side

mordant

intensifies stains by fixing dye onto a microorganism, making the dye less soluble and enhancing its resolution

gram staining step

1. crystal violet

2. iodine

3. alcohol

4. safranin

crystal violet

stains cells purple or blue

iodine

cells remain purple or blue

alcohol

gram positive cells remain blue or purple

gram negative cells are colorless

safranin

gram positive cells remain blue or purple

gram negative cells are red or pink

purpose of using oil immersion in light microscopy

use 100x

see it more clear and increase resolution

prevent light scattering

benefits of phase contrast

see living cells without using stain

high contrast

microscope that has an opaque light stop installed

dark field

uses photosynthesis

algae, archaea, bacteria, protozoa

Pasteur

pasteurized food

Hippocrates

made the concept of natural causes connecting to disease

Thucydides

made known the concept of immunity

Varro

disease could be caused by tiny things that can’t be seen by the eyes

Leeuwenhoek

created lens to see microbes

saw first cell

Koch

connected microbes to disease

no nucleus

bacteria and archaea

cell wall

algae: cellulose

bacteria: peptidoglycan

archaea: pseudo glycan

Hooke

named first cell

multicellular

fungi, algae, helminths

alpha

oligotrophs: need very little nutrients

beta

eutrophs: need lots of nutrients

gamma

largest and most diverse

delta

reduce sulfate

epsilon

smallest group

curved or spiral shaped

gram positive

high GC

low GC

violet stain

thick cell wall

gram negative

alpha

beta

delta

gamma

epsilon

spirochetes

pink red stain

thin cell wall