Bio Unit 2: Molecules of Life

Organic chemistry

The study of compounds that contain carbon atoms

What is SCHNOP’s

Sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate

What element is hydrocarbons?

Carbon

What element is carbohydrates and lipids?

Oxygen

What element/s is amino acids and proteins?

Nitrogen & sulfur

What element is nucleic acids, rna, and dna?

Phosphate

What single element atoms might be in some proteins?

Iron, copper, magnesium

What are almost all molecules a cell makes composed of?

Carbon atoms bonded to one another and also to atoms of other elements

What atoms are very versatile?

Carbon atoms

Why are carbon atoms very versatile?

They form backbones of most organic molecules, they can bond to other carbon atoms, and bond up to four other atoms

Why can a carbon atom bond up to 4 other atoms?

They only have 4 valence electrons

What kinds of chain is this?

Straight chain

What kind of chain is this?

Branched chain

What kind of chain is this?

Ring

Organic molecules

Carbon based molecules

Inorganic molecules

Non-carbon based molecules

What do the properties of an organic compound depend on?

Size and shape of its carbon backbone, and atoms attached to that skeleton

Functional groups

Groups of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules in chemical reactions

What type of molecules are functional groups?

Polar molecules

Why are functional groups polar molecules?

O or N atoms exert a strong pull on shared electrons

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Macromolecules

Giant molecules

Monomers

Smaller units that are building blocks of larger molecules

Polymers

Long chains of molecules formed by linking monomers together

Polymerization

A monomer linking to other monomers to create a polymer

Dehydration reaction

Building macromolecules

What happens each time a monomer is added to a chain to create a polymer?

A water molecule is released

What does a dehydration reaction require assistance from?

An enzyme

Hydrolysis reaction

Breaking down a macromolecule

What happens each time water is added to a polymer?

It breaks down into monomers

What does a hydrolysis reaction require the assistance of?

Enzyme

What type of reaction is digestion?

Hydrolysis reaction

What type of reaction is this?

Dehydration reaction

What type of reaction is this?

Hydrolysis reaction

Carbohydrates

Group macromolecules that are made up of sugar molecules

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen

What is the ratio of carbohydrates?

1:2:1

What is example of a carbonohydrates?

C6H12O6 (glucose)

What is the main function of carbohydrates in animals?

Source of energy for organisms

Whats the main function of carbohydrates for plants?

Structural purposes

What is this?

Glucose

Monosaccharides?

Monomers of carbohydrates

What is a simple sugar?

Monosaccharide, made of one sugar unit

Disaccharide

Double sugar; constructed of two monosaccharides by dehydration

Whats a example of monosaccharides?

Glucose and fructose

Whats an example of disaccharides?

Sucrose

What are glucose and fructose?

Isomers

Isomers

Same chemical formula, but different in how atoms are arranged

Whats the difference between fructose and glucose?

They react differently and fructose is sweeter

Do isomers react differently with other molecules?

Yes

What is this?

Fructose

What is this?

Glucose

How are disaccharides formed?

By joined two monosaccharides together through a dehydration reaction

Polysaccharides

Complex carbs; a long polymer chain made up of many monosaccharides

How is a polysaccharide formed?

Dehydration synthesis

Example of polysaccharides?

Cellulose, starch, glycogen

Starch

Made entirely of glucose monomers linked in a straight chain

What does starch serve?

Sugar stockpiles for plants to break down for energy

What is starch only found in?

Plants

What is this?

Glucose

What is starch made up of?

Glucose

Glycogen

Made entirely of glucose monomers; more highly branched than a starch polymer

What is this?

Starch

Where is glycogen found?

The liver and muscle cells

Where is glycogen only in?

Animals

What does glycogen do?

How sugars are stored in animal cells

What is this?

Glycogen

Cellulose

Made entirely of glucose monomers linked- multiple chains are linked together forming a cable like structure

What does cellulose serve?

Building materials to protect the cell and stiffen the plant

What is cellulose found in?

Plants

What is this?

Cellulose

Chitin

Important component of arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Why cant most animals not digest cellulose (fiber)?

It passes right through their digestive system

What do microorganism inhabiting your digestive tracts help do?

Break down cellulose

How many sugar molecules does a monosaccharide have?

One

How many sugar molecules does a disaccharide have?

Two

How many sugar molecules does a polysaccharide have?

Many

What is this?

Starch

What is this?

Cellulose

What is this?

Glycogen

Where is glycogen?

Granules

Where is cellulose?

Cell wall

Where is starch?

Granule

What is this?

Cellulose

What is this?

Starch

What is this?

Glycogen

Lipids

Groups of macromolecules that are known as fats

What are lipids mainly composed of?

Carbon and hydrogen and sometimes oxygen

Hydrophobic

In nature - not soluble in since they are nonpolar molecules

What is phospholipids structure?

A hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

What are lipids functions?

Storing energy, water proofing surfaces and important parts of biological membranes

What is a larger lipid molecule?

Fats

What is the building block of fats?

3 carbon backbone (glycerol) and 3 fatty acids

What is this?

Triglyceride

What is a triglyceride?

Major form of fat storage in the body

What links a fatty acid to a glycerol?

Dehydration reaction

What is this?

How triglyceride is formed

What is this?

How triglyceride is formed

Unsaturated fatty acid

Structure contains one or more double bond; liquid at room temperature

Example of unsaturated fatty acid?

Olive oil, vegetable oil