[PHA 619 LAB] Prep 28, 30, 31 - Non-Aqueous Liquids: Mixtures, Lotions, and Suspensions

These are aqueous liquid preparations which contain suspended (suspensoid) insoluble solid substances intended for oral use

Mixtures

Refers to the suspended, insoluble, solid substances in mixtures

Suspensoid

Particle size of mixtures

More than 0.5 micrometers

The insoluble substance may be held in suspension by the use of suitable ____________________ since the insoluble substance does not make the mixture very viscous.

Suspending or thickening agent

Vehicle/dispersing medium in mixtures

Water

Suspending or thickening agents are also called? They hold them in suspension or ensure that these insoluble substances remain suspended in the mixture.

Viscosity Modifying Agents (VMA)

What are the desired characteristics of an insoluble substance in mixtures?

- Very finely divided state (Particle size is adequately reduced)

- Uniformly distributed

How is the desired insoluble substances accomplished?

By the use of colloid mills, special methods of precipitation and suspending agent

It is the formation of hard, compact mass at the bottom of the container after the mixture is left to stand, making it difficult to resuspend. It is prevented by adding suspending or thickening agent.

Caking

What are the reasons for having the insoluble substance in a finer state of division?

- More active as adsorbent and protectives when in contact with inflamed areas

- Suspended more readily and settle out much slowly (for uniform doses)

- Increases palatability by using colloidal suspending agents

Particle size of lotions

Colloidal dispersion

- Between 1.0 nm and 0.5 um

Particle size of magmas and gels

0.5 um to 10 um

Category of chalk mixture

Medicated mixture

Synonyms of chalk mixture

- Mixture de Creta

- Mistura Cratae

Description of chalk mixture

It is a whitish mixture containing suspended, insoluble solid substance

Uses of chalk mixture

- Antacid

- Antidiarrheal agent

Formulation of chalk mixture

- Precipitated Chalk (0.9 g)

- Glycerin (1.5 mL)

- Cinnamon water (6 mL)

- Purified water, qs ad (15 mL)

Label used in chalk mixture

White label with shake well

Container used in chalk mixture

15 mL flint bottle

Method of preparation used in chalk mixture

Simple hydration

Use of glycerin in chalk mixture

Viscosity modifier / thickening agent

It is a liquid suspension or dispersion intended for external application to the body.

Lotion

(True/False) Lotion must be applied without friction; thus, it must be free from grittiness.

True

Insoluble matter in lotions are ___________ as particles approaching colloidal dimension are more soothing to inflamed areas & are more effective in contact with the infected area

Finely divided

Why are lotions preferred over semi-solid preparations?

- Non-greasy character

- Increased spreadability over large areas of skin

What are the three methods of preparing lotions?

- Trituration

- Chemical interaction

- Clear solution

Lotions can be prepared by triturating the ingredient to a __________ and then cautiously adding the remaining liquid phase (with the use of high speed mixers & homogenizers)

Smooth paste

Example of lotion prepared by trituration

Calamine Lotion

Lotion that consists of finely divided insoluble solids held in more or less permanent suspension by the presence of suspending agents/or surface active agent

Calamine Lotion

Example of lotion prepared by chemical interaction in the liquid

White Lotion

Lotion that must be freely prepared & does not contain suspending agent

White Lotion

Chemical reaction of white lotion

ZnSO4 + Sulfurated potash (K2S3 ) -> ZnS + 2S + K2SO4

Method of preparing lotions in which the active ingredient is a water soluble substance

Clear solution

Example of lotion prepared by clear solution method

Dimethisoquin hydrochloride lotion

Category of calamine lotion

Medicated suspension

Synonyms of calamine lotion

Lotio Calaminae

Desired description of calamine lotion

It is a liquid suspension or dispersion that is pink in color.

Uses of calamine lotion

- Astringent

- Antipruritic

- Topical protectant

- Skin protectant

- Soothing lotion for sunburn, treatment for ivy poisoning, etc.

- Gives opacity and a flesh-like color to lotions

Formulation of calamine lotion

- Calamine (2.4 g)

- Zinc oxide (2.4 g)

- Glycerin (0.6 mL)

- Bentonite magma (7.5 mL)

- Calcium hydroxide, qs ad (30 mL)

Type of mortar and pestle used in the pharmaceutical industry to prepare liquid products

Glass

Use of calamine and zinc oxide in calamine lotion

Skin protectant

Use of glycerin in calamine lotion

Humectant (moisturizing)

Stabilizer and suspending agent used in calamine lotion

Bentonite Magma

Vehicle used in calamine lotion

Calcium hydroxide

It is a liquid preparation wherein solid particles are dispersed throughout a liquid phase. It is used if the API is not stable in a solution.

Suspension

It is further defined as a preparation that contains finely broken down drug particles with a uniform distribution throughout a vehicle in which the drug displays a minimum degree of solubility.

Suspension

What are the characteristics of a good suspension?

- The suspended particles should not settle rapidly and sediment produced must be easily re-suspended by the use of moderate amount of shaking.

- Easy to pour yet not watery and no grittiness. - Pleasing odor, color, and palatability.

- Physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable.

- Parenteral/ophthalmic suspension should be sterilizable.

Uses of captopril

- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

- Treat high blood pressure (essential hypertension)

- For chronic heart failure (CHF)

- Prevents kidney failure due to high blood pressure and diabetes

Category of captopril

Suspension

Synonyms of captopril

None

- It is a generic name.

Desired description of captopril suspension

Clear, colorless suspension

Formulation of captopril suspension

- Captopril tablet (270 mg)

- Cherry flavorant (2 mL)

- Disodium edetate (150 mg)

- Syrup, qs ad (150 mL)

Vehicle used in captopril suspension

Syrup

Label used for captopril suspension

White with shake well before use

Container used for captopril suspension

Narrow-mouth amber bottle

Category of hydrocortisone suspension

Suspension

Synonyms of hydrocortisone suspension

- Hydrocortison Cypionate

- Cortisol Suspension

It is a pink, viscous suspension. The dispersed particles settle minimally on standing and easily redispersed with shaking.

Hydrocortisone Suspension

Refers to the flow that cause dispersed particles to settle minimally on standing and easily redispersed with shaking

Pseudoplastic flow

Uses of hydrocortisone suspension

- Temporary relief of minor skin irritation'

- Itching

- Rashes

- Insect bites

Formulation of hydrocortisone suspension

- Hydrocortisone (1 %)

- Menthol (aliquot) (1/8%)

- Calamine (5%)

- 70% Alcohol (10%)

- Cetaphil (67%)

- Distilled water, qs ad (60 mL)

Vehicle used in hydrocortisone suspension

Distilled water

What percent of alcohol is used in hydrocortisone suspension?

70%

Label used for hydrocortisone suspension

Red Label

Container used for hydrocortisone suspension

15 mL amber bottle