Exam 3

Electrolytes

Ionized constituents affecting cell functions.

Acidosis

Condition from excess hydrogen ion concentration.

Alkalosis

Condition from low hydrogen ion concentration.

Body Fluids

Water and electrolytes maintaining bodily functions.

Total Body Water (TBW)

60% of body weight in males; 55% in females.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid within cells, 2/3 of TBW.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside cells, 1/3 of TBW.

Cations

Positively charged ions in body fluids.

Anions

Negatively charged ions in body fluids.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

Water movement across a semipermeable membrane.

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration over a distance.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone regulating water balance in the body.

Aldosterone

Hormone regulating sodium and potassium balance.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone regulating calcium levels in blood.

Hydrogen Phosphate

Key electrolyte involved in acid-base balance.

Hydrogen Carbonate

Also known as bicarbonate, regulates pH levels.

Fluid Distribution

Body fluids in vascular and interstitial spaces.

Environmental Stresses

Factors disrupting fluid regulation mechanisms.

Renal Disease

Kidney dysfunction affecting electrolyte balance.

Respiratory Disease

Lung issues impacting acid-base balance.

Medication Effects

Drugs influencing blood chemistry and fluid balance.

Acute Imbalances

Sudden changes in electrolyte levels.

Chronic Imbalances

Long-term disturbances in electrolyte homeostasis.

Regulatory Mechanisms

Body systems maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure opposing water movement across a membrane.

Tonicity

Effect of a solution on cell volume.

Isotonic Solution

No change in cell volume; equal concentration.

Hypotonic Solution

Causes cells to swell due to water influx.

Hypertonic Solution

Causes cells to shrink due to water loss.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid within body cells; high K+ concentration.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside cells; high Na+ concentration.

Plasma Compartment

Part of ECF; liquid component of blood.

Interstitial Fluid Compartment

Fluid between cells; part of ECF.

Capillary Filtration Pressure

Pushes water out of capillaries into tissues.

Capillary Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Pulls water back into capillaries.

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

Opposes water movement out of capillaries.

Tissue Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Pulls water into interstitial spaces.

Edema

Swelling from excess interstitial fluid.

Pitting Edema

Indentation remains after pressure applied.

Non-Pitting Edema

No indentation; firm to touch.

Brawny Edema

Thickened skin from chronic venous insufficiency.

Third-Space Accumulation

Fluid accumulation in non-functional spaces.

Ascites

Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity.

Pleural Effusion

Fluid accumulation in the lung cavity.

Sodium Balance

Regulates ECF volume and acid-base balance.

Water Gain

Mainly from oral intake and metabolism.

Water Loss

Primarily through kidneys; also skin and lungs.

Sodium Gain

Intake from diet and IV saline.

Sodium Loss

Increased through vomiting or diarrhea.

ADH Function

Regulates water output in the kidneys.

Thirst Mechanism

Regulates water intake based on hydration.

Hypodipsia

Decreased thirst despite dehydration.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst; can be psychogenic.

Diabetes Insipidus

ADH deficiency leading to dilute urine.

SIADH

Excess ADH causing water retention.

Hyponatremia

Low sodium concentration in blood.

Hypernatremia

High sodium concentration in blood.

Potassium Balance

K+ regulates cell function and homeostasis.

Hypokalemia

Low potassium levels; can cause muscle weakness.

Hyperkalemia

High potassium levels; can cause cardiac issues.

Calcium Role

Essential for bone health and muscle function.

Vitamin D

Hormone regulating calcium and phosphorus levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

Hypoparathyroidism

Low PTH leading to hypocalcemia.

Hyperparathyroidism

Excess PTH causing hypercalcemia.

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels; can cause tetany.

Hypercalcemia

High calcium levels; can cause confusion.

Phosphorus Role

Essential for bone health and energy storage.

Hypophosphatemia

Low phosphorus levels; can cause muscle weakness.

Hyperphosphatemia

High phosphorus levels; often due to CKD.

Magnesium Role

Regulates muscle and nerve function.

Hypomagnesemia

Low magnesium levels; can cause seizures.

Hypermagnesemia

High magnesium levels; can cause cardiac arrest.

Acid-Base Balance

Maintains pH through kidneys and lungs.

Respiratory Acidosis

Inability to remove CO2; causes confusion.

Respiratory Alkalosis

Decreased CO2 due to hyperventilation.

Metabolic Acidosis

Buildup of acid; causes fatigue and confusion.

Ketoacidosis

Excessive ketones due to low carbohydrates.

Lactic Acidosis

Buildup of lactate; can be life-threatening.

Salicylate Toxicity

Overdose causing metabolic derangements.

Metabolic Alkalosis

Increased bicarbonate; can cause confusion.

Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Determined by bloodwork calculations.

Hypervolemia

Excess fluid volume; can cause edema.

Hypovolemia

Low fluid volume; can cause hypotension.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

Isotonic decrease in ECF volume.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)

Isotonic increase in ECF volume.

Signs of Isotonic FVD

Hypotension, tachycardia, poor skin turgor.

Signs of Isotonic FVE

Edema, altered breath sounds, jugular distention.

Diuretic Medication

Used to treat edema by increasing urine output.

CHF

Congestive heart failure; causes fluid retention.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Regulates sodium and water balance.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Regulates sodium excretion by kidneys.

Baroreceptors

Sensors that monitor blood pressure changes.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Disorders

Include diabetes insipidus and SIADH.

Compulsive Water Drinking

Psychogenic polydipsia; excessive water intake.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive loss of kidney function.

Fluid Shifts

Movement of fluids between compartments.

Electrolyte Disturbances

Imbalances in sodium, potassium, calcium, or phosphorus.

Nutrient Absorption

Occurs primarily in the intestines.