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Estates-General
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners.
National Assembly
Comprised of the third estate that declared themselves as the legitimate governing body of France.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Jacobins
Radical and violent advocates of a Republic during the French Revolution, led by Maximilien Robespierre.
Enclosure
The division of communal fields, meadows, and lands into individually managed farm plots.
Urbanization
The significant growth of cities due to innovations that increased agricultural efficiency.
Domestic system
An economic process where merchant-employers send materials to rural producers to work at home.
Flying shuttle
A machine that industrialized the weaving process and sped up hand-weaving.
Spinning jenny
A machine that sped up cloth spinning, increasing supplies for weavers and starting the factory system.
Cotton gin
A machine that quickly separates cotton fibers from seeds, speeding up textile production.
Steam engine
An engine that uses steam power, revolutionizing transportation of goods via steamboats.
Interchangeable parts
Machines and parts produced uniformly for easy replacement.
Assembly line
A production system where each factory worker adds only one part to a finished product.
Free-market system (capitalism)
An economic system where production means are privately owned and prices are determined by demand.
Laissez-faire capitalism
A system where the government removes itself from regulating the economy.
Socialism
An economic system where production and distribution are controlled by the government based on need.
Communism
An ideology aimed at establishing a society where everything is commonly owned with no social classes.
Labor unions
Organizations representing employees in dealings with employers for better working conditions and wages.
Social mobility
The ability for a person to move up from one social class to another.
Communist Manifesto
A book by Marx and Engels outlining the basis of modern communism and the self-destruction of capitalism.
Proletariat
The wage-earning class that controls only their labor, expected to revolt against the bourgeoisie.
Bourgeoisie
The ruling class in capitalist society that controls production and exploits the proletariat.
Natural rights
Rights seen as inalienable, such as life, liberty, and property, championed by Locke.
Suffrage
The right to vote in public elections, notably the struggle for women's voting rights.
Abolition
The campaign to eliminate slavery and the slave trade.
Social Contract Theory
A model where people cede authority to a government for protection of their liberties.
Declaration of Independence
The document that declared the American colonies' independence from Britain.
French and Indian War
A global war mainly between France and England over land in North America.
Thomas Paine
An American colonist who advocated for independence from England through his pamphlet Common Sense.
Maximilien Robespierre
A leader of the French Revolution known for the radical and violent phases of the conflict.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe during the revolutionary period.
Reign of Terror
The period of radical rule under Robespierre that resulted in numerous executions.
Congress of Vienna
An assembly that reorganized Europe after Napoleon's rule to preserve balance of power.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Led a successful slave rebellion in Haiti against French rule.
Simon Bolivar
A Venezuelan statesman who led revolts against Spanish rule in South America.
Miguel Hidalgo
A Mexican priest and revolutionary who initiated a revolt against Spanish rule.
Eli Whitney
An innovator who invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts during the Industrial Revolution.
Adam Smith
Formulated capitalism's foundations in his book The Wealth of Nations, advocating for private ownership.
Karl Marx
Established the basis for Marxism in The Communist Manifesto, predicting a revolt by the working class.
Luddites
Workers who protested poor conditions by destroying factory equipment, facing government backlash.
John Locke
An Enlightenment thinker who promoted representative government, influencing the Declaration of Independence.
Voltaire
An Enlightenment philosopher known for advocating religious, political, and social liberties.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
An Enlightenment thinker who formulated social contract theory and advocated for people's power.
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