world history

What is an absolute monarchy?

A government where the monarch has total control over the government and people without legal limitations.

What is a constitutional monarchy?

A monarchy limited by a constitution or laws, where the monarch shares power with an elected body or parliament.

How did the Ottoman Empire impact Eastern Europe and global trade?

The Ottoman Empire controlled key trade routes between Europe and Asia, influenced Eastern European politics and culture, and connected Europe to Asian goods and ideas.

How did England develop a constitutional monarchy?

Through events like the Magna Carta, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the English Bill of Rights, which limited royal power and increased Parliament’s authority.

What was the impact of the English Bill of Rights?

It limited the powers of the monarch, established parliamentary supremacy, and guaranteed basic rights like free speech in Parliament and protection from cruel punishments.

What is the correct chronological order of these documents?

Magna Carta → John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government → English Bill of Rights → Declaration of Independence → Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

What were the origins and characteristics of the Scientific Revolution?

Originating in the 16th century, it was a period of major advances in science using observation and experimentation, challenging traditional ideas.

What did Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton contribute?

Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, Galileo improved the telescope and supported heliocentrism, Newton formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.

What was the major effect of the Scientific Revolution?

It transformed views on science and nature, promoted reason and experimentation, and laid foundations for modern science.

How did the Enlightenment impact political revolutions?

It inspired ideas about liberty, democracy, and rights, influencing revolutions like the American, French, and Latin American revolutions.

What did Thomas Hobbes believe?

People are naturally selfish and need a strong absolute ruler to maintain order.

What did Voltaire believe?

Advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state.

What did Montesquieu believe?

Separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.

What did Rousseau believe?

People are naturally good but corrupted by society; supported popular sovereignty.

What is separation of powers?

Dividing government power among branches to prevent abuse.

What is popular sovereignty?

The idea that government power comes from the consent of the governed.

What are similarities between the French and American Revolutions?

Both sought liberty, challenged monarchy, and were inspired by Enlightenment ideas.

What are differences between them?

American Revolution aimed for independence from Britain, was less radical; French Revolution was more radical, involved social class struggles and led to a republic.

How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin America?

They inspired Latin American independence movements.

Who was Simon Bolivar?

A leader who helped liberate several South American countries from Spanish rule.

What were major causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Agricultural improvements, population growth, natural resources, and new technology.

What were characteristics?

Mechanized production, urbanization, and growth of factories.

What were cultural and social effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Rise of middle class, poor working conditions for many, child labor, and changes in family life.

How did the Industrial Revolution change politics, economy, and society?

It led to urbanization, growth of capitalism, labor movements, and demands for political reforms.

What are characteristics of a free enterprise system?

Private ownership, competition, profit motive, and limited government interference.

What is laissez-faire?

An economic policy where the government does not interfere in business affairs.

What are the origins and characteristics of communism?

Originated in the 19th century, advocating for a classless society where resources are shared equally.

What was the influence of Marx and Engels?

They wrote The Communist Manifesto, promoting the overthrow of capitalism.

What caused European imperialism?

Economic motives, political power, technological advances, and social beliefs like the "civilizing mission."

What were its effects?

Colonization, exploitation, cultural changes, and resistance movements.

How did technology contribute to 19th-century imperialism?

Advances like steamships, telegraphs, and weapons allowed Europeans to control distant lands more easily.

What were the political motivations?

Nations sought to increase power and prestige through colonies.

What were the economic motivations?

Desire for raw materials, new markets, and investment opportunities.

What were the social motivations?

Belief in racial superiority and a "civilizing mission" to spread Western culture.

What was the impact of the Panama and Suez Canals?

They shortened global shipping routes, boosted international trade, and increased strategic military importance.

What were the major causes of World War I?

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Why did the U.S. join World War I?

Due to unrestricted German submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania, and the Zimmermann Telegram.

Why were the Balkans called the "Powder Keg of Europe"?

Due to intense ethnic tensions and nationalist movements making the region prone to conflict.

What caused the Armenian Genocide?

Ethnic tensions in the Ottoman Empire, fear of Armenian support for Russia, and nationalist policies by the Young Turks.

What caused the Russian Revolution?

Poor working conditions, military defeats in WWI, food shortages, and dissatisfaction with the autocratic rule of the Tsar.

How did the Bolsheviks establish the USSR?

They led the October Revolution in 1917, overthrew the provisional government, and created a communist state under Lenin.

What was the League of Nations?

An international organization founded after WWI to promote peace but was ineffective.

What is the United Nations?

A global organization formed after WWII to promote international cooperation and prevent conflict.

What were the impacts of the Treaty of Versailles?

It blamed Germany for WWI, imposed heavy reparations, reduced German territory, and contributed to economic hardship and resentment.

What caused the Global Depression?

Stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, reduced consumer spending, and worldwide economic weaknesses.

How did the U.S. respond?

Through the New Deal programs by FDR that created jobs and social welfare.

How did Germany respond?

Economic hardship helped the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party promising recovery and national pride.

What are characteristics of totalitarianism?

One-party rule, state control of the economy, censorship, propaganda, and suppression of opposition.

Name major WWII leaders and their roles.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA - Allied leader), Winston Churchill (UK - Allied leader), Joseph Stalin (USSR - Allied leader), Adolf Hitler (Germany - Axis leader), Benito Mussolini (Italy - Axis leader), Emperor Hirohito (Japan - Axis leader).

What was the effect of Stalin’s collective farms?

Forced consolidation of farms led to widespread famine and suffering but aimed to increase agricultural production.

What was the Munich Agreement?

Britain and France allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia to avoid war (appeasement).

What happened at Pearl Harbor?

Japan attacked the U.S. naval base in 1941, leading the U.S. to enter WWII.

What was the Holocaust?

The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany.

What was the dropping of the atomic bomb?

The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender.

What is the economic impact of globalization?

Increased international trade, investment, and interconnected markets leading to economic growth, but also causing inequality and job displacement in some areas.

How has telecommunication influenced the modern global?

It has enabled faster communication and information exchange, supporting global business, finance, and cultural exchange.

What is the economic impact of globalization?

Increased international trade, investment, and interconnected markets leading to economic growth, but also causing inequality and job displacement in some areas.

How has telecommunication influenced the modern global economy?

It has enabled faster communication and information exchange, supporting global business, finance, and cultural exchange.

What role do computer and medical technologies play in the modern global economy?

Computers drive innovation and efficiency in industries; medical technology improves health outcomes and life expectancy worldwide.

How did the U.S. respond to the 9/11 attacks?

Initiated the War on Terror, including military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, increased security measures, and established the Department of Homeland Security.

What are key factors contributing to the Arab-Israeli conflict?

Disputes over land (especially Jerusalem), competing nationalisms, refugee crises, religious significance of the region, and external political involvement.

What were the main causes of the Cold War?

Ideological differences between the U.S. (capitalism/democracy) and the USSR (communism/authoritarianism), competition for global influence, and mistrust after WWII.

What is containment?

U.S. policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism worldwide.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

U.S. policy to provide economic and military aid to countries resisting communism, starting with Greece and Turkey.

What was the Marshall Plan?

U.S. program that provided economic aid to rebuild Western European countries after WWII to prevent communist influence.

What was NATO?

A military alliance of Western capitalist countries formed in 1949 to counter Soviet threat.

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A military alliance of Soviet-controlled Eastern European countries formed in 1955 in response to NATO.

What are the similarities?

Both were military alliances aiming to protect member states and promote their political ideologies.

What role did Mao Zedong play?

Led the communist revolution and established the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

What was the Cultural Revolution?

A campaign launched by Mao to enforce communism by removing “counter-revolutionaries” and traditional elements.

What was the Great Leap Forward?

An economic plan to rapidly industrialize and collectivize agriculture, which caused famine and millions of deaths.

Why did communist command economies collapse?

Inefficiency, lack of innovation, economic stagnation, and inability to meet consumer needs compared to dynamic free market economies.

How did the arms race affect the Soviet Union?

The costly nuclear and conventional arms buildup strained the Soviet economy, contributing to its collapse.

What economic problems led to the Soviet collapse?

Declining industrial productivity, shortages, poor technology, and failing central planning weakened the economy.

What was glasnost?

Policy of political openness and transparency.

What was perestroika?

Economic restructuring aimed at reforming the Soviet system but which hastened its breakdown.

How did independence movements contribute to Soviet collapse?

Eastern European nations demanded freedom from Soviet control, leading to revolutions and the breakup of the USSR.

What caused the rise of African independence movements?

Post-WWII nationalism, weakened European powers, and leaders like Nelson Mandela advocating for freedom.

What did Nelson Mandela fight for?

Ending apartheid and racial equality in South Africa.

What did Golda Meir fight for?

Establishing and defending the state of Israel.

What did Mohandas Gandhi fight for?

Non