world history

Term 1: What is an absolute monarchy?
Definition 1: A government where the monarch has total control over the government and people without legal limitations.
Term 2: What is a constitutional monarchy?
Definition 2: A monarchy limited by a constitution or laws, where the monarch shares power with an elected body or parliament.
Term 3: How did the Ottoman Empire impact Eastern Europe and global trade?
Definition 3: The Ottoman Empire controlled key trade routes between Europe and Asia, influenced Eastern European politics and culture, and connected Europe to Asian goods and ideas.
Term 4: How did England develop a constitutional monarchy?
Definition 4: Through events like the Magna Carta, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the English Bill of Rights, which limited royal power and increased Parliament’s authority.
Term 5: What was the impact of the English Bill of Rights?
Definition 5: It limited the powers of the monarch, established parliamentary supremacy, and guaranteed basic rights like free speech in Parliament and protection from cruel punishments.
Term 6: What is the correct chronological order of these documents?
Definition 6: Magna Carta → John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government → English Bill of Rights → Declaration of Independence → Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
Term 7: What were the origins and characteristics of the Scientific Revolution?
Definition 7: Originating in the 16th century, it was a period of major advances in science using observation and experimentation, challenging traditional ideas.
Term 8: What did Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton contribute?
Definition 8: Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, Galileo improved the telescope and supported heliocentrism, Newton formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Term 9: What was the major effect of the Scientific Revolution?
Definition 9: It transformed views on science and nature, promoted reason and experimentation, and laid foundations for modern science.
Term 10: How did the Enlightenment impact political revolutions?
Definition 10: It inspired ideas about liberty, democracy, and rights, influencing revolutions like the American, French, and Latin American revolutions.
Term 11: What did Thomas Hobbes believe?
Definition 11: People are naturally selfish and need a strong absolute ruler to maintain order.
Term 12: What did Voltaire believe?
Definition 12: Advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state.
Term 13: What did Montesquieu believe?
Definition 13: Separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.
Term 14: What did Rousseau believe?
Definition 14: People are naturally good but corrupted by society; supported popular sovereignty.
Term 15: What is separation of powers?
Definition 15: Dividing government power among branches to prevent abuse.
Term 16: What is popular sovereignty?
Definition 16: The idea that government power comes from the consent of the governed.
Term 17: What are similarities between the French and American Revolutions?
Definition 17: Both sought liberty, challenged monarchy, and were inspired by Enlightenment ideas.
Term 18: What are differences between them?
Definition 18: American Revolution aimed for independence from Britain, was less radical; French Revolution was more radical, involved social class struggles and led to a republic.
Term 19: How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin America?
Definition 19: They inspired Latin American independence movements.
Term 20: Who was Simon Bolivar?
Definition 20: A leader who helped liberate several South American countries from Spanish rule.
Term 21: What were major causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Definition 21: Agricultural improvements, population growth, natural resources, and new technology.
Term 22: What were characteristics?
Definition 22: Mechanized production, urbanization, and growth of factories.
Term 23: What were cultural and social effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Definition 23: Rise of middle class, poor working conditions for many, child labor, and changes in family life.
Term 24: How did the Industrial Revolution change politics, economy, and society?
Definition 24: It led to urbanization, growth of capitalism, labor movements, and demands for political reforms.
Term 25: What are characteristics of a free enterprise system?
Definition 25: Private ownership, competition, profit motive, and limited government interference.
Term 26: What is laissez-faire?
Definition 26: An economic policy where the government does not interfere in business affairs.
Term 27: What are the origins and characteristics of communism?
Definition 27: Originated in the 19th century, advocating for a classless society where resources are shared equally.
Term 28: What was the influence of Marx and Engels?
Definition 28: They wrote The Communist Manifesto, promoting the overthrow of capitalism.
Term 29: What caused European imperialism?
Definition 29: Economic motives, political power, technological advances, and social beliefs like the “civilizing mission.”
Term 30: What were its effects?
Definition 30: Colonization, exploitation, cultural changes, and resistance movements.
Term 31: How did technology contribute to 19th-century imperialism?
Definition 31: Advances like steamships, telegraphs, and weapons allowed Europeans to control distant lands more easily.
Term 32: What were the political motivations?
Definition 32: Nations sought to increase power and prestige through colonies.
Term 33: What were the economic motivations?
Definition 33: Desire for raw materials, new markets, and investment opportunities.
Term 34: What were the social motivations?
Definition 34: Belief in racial superiority and a “civilizing mission” to spread Western culture.
Term 35: What was the impact of the Panama and Suez Canals?
Definition 35: They shortened global shipping routes, boosted international trade, and increased strategic military importance.
Term 36: What were the major causes of World War I?
Definition 36: Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Term 37: Why did the U.S. join World War I?
Definition 37: Due to unrestricted German submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania, and the Zimmermann Telegram.
Term 38: Why were the Balkans called the “Powder Keg of Europe”?
Definition 38: Due to intense ethnic tensions and nationalist movements making the region prone to conflict.
Term 39: What caused the Armenian Genocide?
Definition 39: Ethnic tensions in the Ottoman Empire, fear of Armenian support for Russia, and nationalist policies by the Young Turks.
Term 40: What caused the Russian Revolution?
Definition 40: Poor working conditions, military defeats in WWI, food shortages, and dissatisfaction with the autocratic rule of the Tsar.
Term 41: How did the Bolsheviks establish the USSR?
Definition 41: They led the October Revolution in 1917, overthrew the provisional government, and created a communist state under Lenin.
Term 42: What was the League of Nations?
Definition 42: An international organization founded after WWI to promote peace but was ineffective.
Term 43: What is the United Nations?
Definition 43: A global organization formed after WWII to promote international cooperation and prevent conflict.
Term 44: What were the impacts of the Treaty of Versailles?
Definition 44: It blamed Germany for WWI, imposed heavy reparations, reduced German territory, and contributed to economic hardship and resentment.
Term 45: What caused the Global Depression?
Definition 45: Stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, reduced consumer spending, and worldwide economic weaknesses.
Term 46: How did the U.S. respond?
Definition 46: Through the New Deal programs by FDR that created jobs and social welfare.
Term 47: How did Germany respond?
Definition 47: Economic hardship helped the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party promising recovery and national pride.
Term 48: What are characteristics of totalitarianism?
Definition 48: One-party rule, state control of the economy, censorship, propaganda, and suppression of opposition.
Term 49: Name major WWII leaders and their roles.
Definition 49: Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA - Allied leader), Winston Churchill (UK - Allied leader), Joseph Stalin (USSR - Allied leader), Adolf Hitler (Germany - Axis leader), Benito Mussolini (Italy - Axis leader), Emperor Hirohito (Japan - Axis leader).
Term 50: What was the effect of Stalin’s collective farms?
Definition 50: Forced consolidation of farms led to widespread famine and suffering but aimed to increase agricultural production.
Term 51: What was the Munich Agreement?
Definition 51: Britain and France allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia to avoid war (appeasement).
Term 52: What happened at Pearl Harbor?
Definition 52: Japan attacked the U.S. naval base in 1941, leading the U.S. to enter WWII.
Term 53: What was the Holocaust?
Definition 53: The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany.
Term 54: What was the dropping of the atomic bomb?
Definition 54: The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender.
Term 55: What is the economic impact of globalization?
Definition 55: Increased international trade, investment, and interconnected markets leading to economic growth, but also causing inequality and job displacement in some areas.
Term 56: How has telecommunication influenced the modern global
Definition 56: It has enabled faster communication and information exchange, supporting global business, finance, and cultural exchange.