Supreme Court Cases, Civil Rights, and Amendments

Flashcards about Supreme Court Cases, Civil Rights, and Amendments

Precedent

A decision made legally that sets an example for other future cases so that it will not happen again.

Appeal Courts

Courts that review decisions that are made by lower courts to see if they are constitutionally correct or if they need to be reviewed again

Due Process Rights

Fair treatment with the judicial system

5th Amendment Rights

No self-incrimination, no double jeopardy, the right to a grand jury, eminent domain, and due process.

Miranda Rights

The right to remain silent and the right to an attorney

Exclusionary Rule

Evidence that is collected and obtained illegally cannot be used in court.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier Precedent

Schools are allowed to control school newspapers if they are a concern to others.

Bethel v. Fraser Decision

The First Amendment doesn’t prevent a school district from disciplining a high school student for giving a lewd speech at a high school assembly.

NJ v. TLO Precedent

Schools can search students' bags without a warrant

Tinker v. Des Moines Precedent

The students in public schools have the right to freedom of speech, and school officials cannot stop that freedom unless it is shown to be harmful.

Mapp v. Ohio Precedent

Evidence seized unlawfully, without a search warrant, can not be used to prosecute somebody criminally.

Establishment Clause

A clause that prohibits the government from establishing a state religion.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, allowing racial segregation as long as facilities were deemed equal.

Brown v. Board of Education

Overturned Plessy, declaring that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal, leading to school desegregation.

Roper v. Simmons Precedent

The death penalty is an inappropriate punishment for minors under the age of 18.

Lemon Test 1

The government action's primary purpose must be secular.

Lemon Test 2

The government's action must not advance or inhibit religion.

Lemon Test 3

The government action must not excessively entangle church and state

Morse v. Frederick Ruling

The schools can limit student speech if the students are promoting illegal drugs.

Reasonable suspicion

This is a little bit less than probable cause, but this is needed to stop and frisk somebody

Probable cause

This is mainly for the police, and probable cause is reasonable suspicion or grounds for making a search or an arrest.

Warrant

A written order, signed by the judge, that allows a police officer to take specific action.

Missouri Compromise

A compromise that allowed admission for Missouri to be a slave state and for Maine to be a free state.

Bleeding Kansas

A period of intense civil unrest and violence in Kansas, which was primarily due to conflicting views on slavery.

Transcontinental Railroad

The railroad that connects the West Coast and the East Coast of the US.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery except as a punishment for crime.

14th Amendment

Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Guaranteed all people, regardless of race, the right to vote.

19th Amendment

Gives all people, regardless of sex, the right to vote.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age to 18 years old.

Literacy Tests

Assessments used to determine a person's ability to read and write.

Affirmative Action

Addressed historical discrimination and created more opportunities for former slaves, particularly in education and employment.

Grutter v Bollinger Precedent

Universities are allowed to use racial preferences as a decision factor when looking at student admissions; however, acceptance or rejection of a student application cannot automatically be determined.

Gratz v Bollinger Precedent

Schools can tailor their admission based on diversity, but they cannot make a point system

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist group that opposed civil rights for African Americans and wanted to restore white democratic power.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that institutionalized racial segregation in public facilities, reinforcing systemic racism in the South.

Poll tax

A fee that was required to be paid before being allowed to vote.

Parents v Seattle Background

The Seattle school District allowed students to apply to any high school in the district…. the district used a system of tiebreakers. The second most important tiebreaker was the racial factor intended to maintain racial diversity.

Sharecropping

A system where tenant farmers would agree to work an owner’s land in exchange for a share of the crop harvest and living accommodations.

De facto segregation

Socially enforced segregation that occurs naturally, often due to community preferences.

De jure segregation

Legal segregation enforced by laws such as Jim Crow, affecting public facilities and services.

Title IX

A law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in educational programs and activities that receive federal funding.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Initiated by Rosa Parks, this protest against segregated seating on buses marked a significant moment in the Civil Rights Movement.

Little Rock 9

A group of nine African American students who desegregated Little Rock Central High School, symbolizing resilience against racial discrimination.

Eisenhower and Little Rock

Eisenhower deployed federal troops in Little Rock to enforce the desegregation of Central High School.

Sit-ins

A form of non-violent protest where people sat in segregated areas and refused to leave when denied service.

Freedom Riders

A group of civil rights activists who protested segregation in interstate transportation facilities.

Carrie Chapman Catt’s strategy

State-level campaigns and a push for a federal constitutional amendment.

Alice Paul’s strategy

Militant and more aggressive protest tactics.

Cesar Chavez

A Mexican-American labor leader and civil rights activist who dedicated his life to improving the lives of farm workers.

Dolores Huerta

An influential civil rights and labor activist. She was a co-founder of the United Farm Workers and had worked alongside Cesar Chavez.

Stonewall Riots

A protest in front of the Stonewall Inn was a turning point in the gay rights movement in the US.

Defense of Marriage Act

It declared that no state should be required to recognize a same–gender marriage performed in another state.

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell

A rule that allowed gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals to serve, only if others didn't know their sexual orientation.

Full Faith and Credit and Same-Sex Marriage

A law that means a marriage that is valid in one state should be recognized as valid in other states.

Obergefell v. Hodges Ruling

All same-sex couples are guaranteed the right to marry and this marriage must be recognized by all states.

Equal Protection Clause

Part of the fourteenth amendment, states must treat individuals in similar situations equally.

La Raza

The people.

Roe v. Wade Ruling

Allows a woman to choose if she wants an abortion or not.

Fair Labor Standards Act

A law that establishes minimum wage, work hours, and youth employment standards.

Disabilities Rights

A set of rights that ensure individuals with disabilities have equal opportunities in all aspects of life.

Which amendments deal with voting rights?

Amendments 15,19, and 26.

Sterilization

A process that causes a woman to not give birth.

Eugenics

An idea or practice that is used to try to improve the human race by controlling who has children, such as sterilization.

Buck v. Bell Ruling

Sterilization of the feeble-minded does not violate your Fourteenth Amendment rights.

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

IEP

Individual Educational Plan

1st Amendment

Guarantees and protects the rights to free speech, press, assembly, religion, and to petition the government.

2nd Amendment

Guarantees the right for an individual to bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia.

3rd Amendment

Guarantees that people are not required to quarter soldiers in their homes.

4th Amendment

Guarantees freedom from unreasonable search and seizure.

5th Amendment

Guarantees the right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination (pleading the fifth), and double jeopardy.

6th Amendment

Guarantees the right of an accused person to a speedy and public trial.

7th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases.

8th Amendment

Guarantees freedom from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments.

9th Amendment

Enshrines that the enumeration of specific rights in the Constitution does not mean that other rights that are not specifically listed are not protected.

10th Amendment

Reinforces the principle of federalism, stipulating that any powers that are not specifically given to the federal government, nor withheld from the states, are reserved to those respective states, or the people at large.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery except as a punishment for crime.

14th Amendment

Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Guaranteed all people, regardless of race, the right to vote.

16th Amendment

Gives the federal government the power to collect income taxes.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol (Prohibition).

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition.

24th Amendment

Abolished poll taxes.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age to 18 years old.

19th Amendment

Gives all people, regardless of sex, the right to vote.