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Medici family

A powerful family in Florentine affairs involved in banking from 1418 until 1494.

Florence

Considered the most preeminent Italian city-state in the fifteenth-century.

The Sacrifice of Isaac

A story from the Hebrew Bible, the topic for a competition for doors for the Baptistery at Florence's Duomo.

Filippo Brunelleschi

The architect who produced the winning design for the dome of Florence Cathedral.

Nuper rosarum flores

A motet by Guillaume Dufay that reflects 'ideal proportions' related to the Temple of Solomon.

Optics in Arab science

Brunelleschi’s investigation including Alhazen’s Perspectiva and classical works of Euclid, Ptolemy, and Galen.

The Tribute Money

A painting by Masaccio in which the Apostle Peter appears three times.

Pope Martin V

Credited with restoring the papacy back to Rome and the duty to restore the city.

Baldassare Castiglione

Author of The Book of the Courtier, recounting debates among humanists in the Montefeltro court.

Leonardo da Vinci

Artist of The Last Supper, located in the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.

San Pietro in Montorio

A church in Rome associated with the nation of Spain.

The Tempietto

Designed by Bramante, built on the site of Saint Peter's martyrdom.

Indulgences

Sold by Pope Julius II to finance the construction of the new Saint Peter’s Basilica.

Martin Luther

Launched the Protestant Reformation in Germany in protest against the sale of indulgences.

Girolamo Savonarola

Organized troops of children to collect and burn the city's 'vanities' in Florence.

Michelangelo

Commissioned to create a freestanding statue of David from a huge cracked block of marble.

Sistine Chapel

Created by Michelangelo, featuring heraldic symbols of oak and acorn.

Raphael

Painter of the private rooms in the Vatican Palace commissioned by Pope Julius II.

School of Athens

A fresco by Raphael featuring central figures Aristotle and Plato.

Josquin des Prez

Composer of the Pange lingua mass.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Author of The Prince, which discusses the prince’s duty to wage war.

Symbol of the Venetian republic

The lion.

Lombards

Forced local populations of the Po River delta to flee to lagoon islands for Venice.

Relics of Saint Mark

Reside in the cathedral of Saint Mark’s in Venice.

Contarini family

Associated with Venice’s Ca’ d’Oro.

Giorgione

An artist who did not make preliminary drawings for his paintings according to Vasari.

Pastoral Concert

A painting that includes a nobleman playing a lute and a nude woman playing the flute.

Venus of Urbino

Includes a dog sleeping on white sheets.

Madalena Casulana

The first professional woman composer to see her own compositions in print.

Ensemble of Ladies

A group in Ferrara that attracted prominent madrigal composers.

Adrian Willaert

Choirmaster of St. Mark’s in Venice who set Petrarch's sonnets to music.

Toccata

Also known as a 'virtuoso prelude,' showcasing the organ's range and dexterity of the organist.

Palladio

A careful student of Vitruvius with an interest similar to that of Leonardo.

Pantheon

Served as a model for the central dome of Palladio’s La Rotunda.

The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci's depiction of the final meal of Jesus with his disciples.

Lorenzo il Magnifico

Grandson of Cosimo Medici known for his patronage of the arts.

Humanism

A cultural and intellectual movement during the Renaissance emphasizing human potential.

Platonic love

A term coined by Marsilio Ficino, representing a non-physical love.

Tax collector

The individual who St. Peter pays in Masaccio's The Tribute Money.

Mercenary soldier

Federico da Montefeltro financed his lifestyle as one.

Pope Julius II's commission

Renovation of the Vatican Palace and replacement of Saint Peter’s Basilica.

Sistine Chapel Choir

Established by Pope Sixtus IV.

New Music

Adrian Willaert's madrigals setting the sonnets of Petrarch.

Classical Roman columns

Incorporated into the architectural scheme of the Tempietto.

Mathematical orderliness

Characteristic of the design of the Tempietto.

Indulgences controversy

Key issue leading to Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation.

Nude woman in Venus of Urbino

Representing beauty and sensuality in the artwork.

Heinrich Isaac

Humanist composer who taught music to Lorenzo's son.

Bonfires of vanities

Events organized by Girolamo Savonarola in Florence.

Freestanding statue of David

A significant work commissioned from Michelangelo using a cracked block of marble.